First published in 1893 by
Routledge, Trench, Trbner & Co Ltd
Reprinted in 2000, 2002 by
Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, axon, OX14 4RN
Transferred to Digital Printing 2007
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group
1893 Joseph Edkins
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British Library Catalogning in Publication Data
A CIP catalogue record for this book
is available from the British Library
Religion in China
ISBN 0-415-24487-0
China: 5 Volumes
ISBN 0-415-24287-8
Trbner's Oriental Series
ISBN 0-415-23188-4
ISBN 978-1-136-38084-6 (ePub)
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTORY.
Interest of the subjectConfueius : what he did and aimed atLaou-tsoo, the founder of TaouismBuddhism: distinguished from Brahmanism and LamaismEarly introduction of Christianity into ChinaProspects of Christian mission in ChinaOpium.
IMPERIAL WORSHIP.
Prayer by Shun-che at the altar of Heaven and Earth at the establishment of tho Manchoo dynastyThree annual sacrifices at the altar of HeavenTemple and altar of Heaven describedBurnt sacrifices offerings and Iibetions Burning of the prayerSacrifice to EarthBurning of offeringsNotions on sacrificesWorship of ancestors Temple of ancestorsOfferingsSacrifices to the gods of grain and land.
TEMPLES.
Confucian templeSacrifices to ConfuciusIdea of these temples funerealTemples to virtuous womenTemple to agricultural divinitiesBuddhist monasteries: their idea: placed amidst fine sceneryTeen-taeMonasticism Taouist temples: idea of their constructlonTemples of state godsImperial lectures.
CONFLICT OF RELIGIOUS PARTIES IN CHINA.
Controversy between the followers of Confucius and those of Buddha and TaouGovernment protests against idolatry Fee1ing of the Confucianists respecting idolatryControversies among the Confucianists themselves.
HOW THREE NATIONAL RELIGIONS COEXIST IN CHINA.
China a field for observing the conflict of moral and religious ideasThe Chinese readily conform to three religions, which are all national, although based on different principles. The three religions are distinguiehedConfucianism as moralTaouisam as materialisticBuddhism as metaphysicalScene in a Taouist templeAll three religions are supported by authority.
INFLUENCE OF BUDDHISM ON CHINESE LITERATURE, PHILOSOPHY,AND SOCIAL LIFE.
Praise of Buddhism by the poetsMonastery of Teen-tso described by Taou-hanInfluence on the philosophy of Choo-foo-tszeDoctrine of Tae-keihMr. Cooke and Commissioner YehDenial of Divine personality the effect of BuddhiamThe Chinese really believe in a pe sonal GodName for GodAsserted identity of Buddhism with ConfucianismChinese Iatitudinarianism Influence on the worship of ancestorsA funeral procesmon Faith in a future state.
INFLUENCE OF BUDDHISM ON CHINESE LITERATURE AND SOCIAL LIFE CONTINUED.
A modern Hangehow author commenting on European astronomy, compares the European astronomers with the inventors of the Buddhist cosmogonyA Soochow author criticises Matthew Ricci and Copernicus: his views on the future state: denies the Buddhist and Taouist doctrine Suitableueas of Christianity to his mental condition The Buddhism of private life at SoochowInterior of a mandarins dwellingCommon belief in a former life, and in incarnationsBuddhist phrases adopted into the language Terms for heaven and hell, charity, retribution, &c.
CONFUCIAN AND BUDDHIST NOTIONS OF GOD.
Primitive Chinese conceptions of God and of spiritsWorship of heaven and earthTheir ideas on Divine attributes and on creationBuddhist notions of GodFuh and Pooea take the place of GodBuddhism is atheistic.
TAOUIST NOTIONS OF GOD.
Gods of the sea and the tidesStar-godaSublimated essences of matter transformed into planets and into divinities connection of alchemy and astrologyIncarnations of star-gods-Wen-chang, Tow-moo, Kwei-sing, Pole-star, stated to be identical with GodMaterialistuc theory of crearionTaouist ,geni, Sien-jinBuddhist element in Taouist mythologyBuddhist and Taouist trinityIn tellectual divinitiesYuh-hwang-Shangte, god of riches San-kwanLiturgical worksState gods.
MORALITY OF THE CHINESE.
Fame of the Chinese moralistsWhat is the Confucian morality? Controversy on the universal obligation to love View of Mih-tazeControversy on human nature Chinese education moralPresent moral condition of ChinaMoral influence of BuddhisrnKlaproth praises BuddhismPreservation of animal IifeDenial of God and of Divine lawBuddhist almsgiivingTaouist doctrine of moral retribution in this life.
NOTIONS ON SIN AND RBDEMPTION.
An old mans confessionConfucius admitted defect in every manBuddhist consciousness of sinBodily calamities retribution for sinConfucian notion of honourForgiveness on repentanceBuddhist notion of redemption through monastic disciplineRedemption consummated in the NirvanaThe ten vicesForgiveness on prayer and fastingThe mute priestBuddha as the redeamer Taouist notions of sin.
NOTIONS ON IMMORTALITY AND FUTURE JUDGMENT.
Silence of Confucius on immortalityTaouist conceptions of the soul as material tend to the denial of immortality Buddhism advocates strongly the immateriality and immortality of the soulChinese word for soul, Shin, means invisible substanceWhat aoes ancestral worship show? Three phaaes in the Buddhist view of th e future stateTranamigrationThe six states of the metempsy chosis Yen-lo-wang, the Hindoo Yama, god of death The Nirvana: corresponds to our doctrine of immortality, and yet amounts to annihilationThe paradise of the Western heavenThe Taouist heaven of the genii Star pataces-Terreatrial paradises.
CHINESE OPINIONS ON CHRISTIANITY.
Objections to Christianity Its prohibition of ancestral wor shipIts facts denied Use of Syrian and Jewish monuments in defence of them The morality of the Bible-Exclusiveness of Christianity National prejudice Charge of borrowing from Buddhism.
