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Michael B. Gill - Humean Moral Pluralism

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Michael B. Gill offers an original account of Humean moral pluralism. Moral pluralism is the view that there are different ultimate moral reasons for action, that those different reasons can sometimes come into conflict with each other, and that there exist no invariable ordering principles that tell us how to resolve such conflicts. If moral pluralism is true, we will at times have to act on moral decisions for which we can give no fully principled justification. Humeanism is the view that our moral judgments are based on our sentiments, that reason alone could not have given rise to our moral judgments, and that there are no mind-independent moral properties for our moral judgments to track. In this book, Gill shows that the combination of these two views produces a more accurate account of our moral experiences than the monistic, rationalist, and non-naturalist alternatives. He elucidates the historical origins of the Humean pluralist position in the works of David Hume, Adam Smith, and their eighteenth century contemporaries, and explains how recent work in moral psychology has advanced this position. And he argues for the positions superiority to the non-naturalist pluralism of W. D. Ross and the monism of Kantianism and consequentialism. The pluralist account of the content of morality has been traditionally perceived as belonging with non-naturalist intuitionism. The Humean sentimentalist account of morality has been traditionally perceived as not belonging with any view of moralitys content at all. Humean Moral Pluralism explodes both those perceptions. It shows that pluralism and Humeanism belong together, and that they make a philosophically powerful couple.

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Humean Moral Pluralism

Michael B. Gill

(p.iv)

  • Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, ox2 6dp,
  • United Kingdom
  • Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.
  • It furthers the Universitys objective of excellence in research, scholarship,
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  • Michael B. Gill 2014
  • The moral rights of the author have been asserted
  • First Edition published in 2014
  • Impression: 1
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  • Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press
  • 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
  • British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
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  • Library of Congress Control Number: 2014930994
  • ISBN: 9780198714033
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  • CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY
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(p.v) Acknowledgements

This book is pluralist in method as well as content. I examine historical texts, empirically grounded work in moral psychology, and intuitively supported conceptual arguments. I believe the resulting view is all the more plausible for being arrived at through a variety of approaches. Looking at the same issue through different lenses is also, to me at least, more interesting.

I am deeply grateful to the many friends and colleagues who helped me in this project. Special thanks go to Shaun Nichols, Mark Timmons, and Jenann Ismael, who discussed almost every aspect of this work with me innumerable times. Their feedback made the book much better than it would otherwise have been. Their company made it immeasurably more enjoyable to work on.

I have also received significant help from all of the following: Kate Abramson, Julia Annas, Rachel Cohon, Stephen Darwall, Remy Debes, Richard Dees, Sam Fleischacker, Jerry Gaus, Ryan Hanley, James Harris, Colin Heydt, Tom Holden, Terry Horgan, Rachana Kamtekar, David Owen, Eric Schliesser, David Schmidtz, and Elizabeth Radcliffe.

It used to be a relatively common practice to include in a books acknowledgements a statement along the lines of: Any flaws and errors herein are strictly my own, and not the responsibility of those who have helped me in the writing of this book. Such statements always struck me as irritatingly unnecessary. Of course the flaws and errors are yours! But now I find myself wanting to say the same thing. For on matters outside my field of expertise I have sought guidance from friends. Yet Im sure Ive still made mistakesof both commission and omission. So what I want to say is: those mistakes are present despite my friends efforts. They really did their best to try to get me to do better.

To Sarah, Hannah, and Jesse: thanks for filling my life with so many different things of value.

Chapter is based on my Humean Moral Pluralism, History of Philosophy Quarterly, 28 (2011): 4564.

Chapter is based on my Humean Sentimentalism and Non-Consequentialist Moral Thinking, Hume Studies,37 (2011): 16588.

Chapter is based on my Moral Pluralism in Smith and his Contemporaries, Revue Internationale de Philosophie, 68 (2014).

are based on Michael B. Gill and Shaun Nichols, Sentimentalist Pluralism: Moral Psychology and Philosophical Ethics, Philosophical Topics, 18 (2008): 143-67.

Chapter is based on my Agonizing Decisions and Moral Pluralism, in Mark Timmons (ed.), Conduct and Character, 31729. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Notes:

(.

() . With the notable exception of Joel Feinbergs acknowledgements of Professor Josiah S. Carberry.


(p.ix) List of Abbreviations
  • D

    David . A Dialogue, in An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals, ed. Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Numeral denotes paragraph.

  • E

    David . An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals, ed. Tom L. Beauchamp. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Numerals denote section and paragraph. The appendices from the Enquiry are referred to as App, with the numerals following denoting appendix number and paragraph.

  • Essays

    David . Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary, ed. Eugene F. Miller. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund.

  • History

    David . The History of England (based on 1778 edn). Indianapolis: Liberty Fund. Numerals denote volume and page.

  • Letters

    David . The Letters of David Hume, ed. J. Y. T. Greig, i. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  • T

    David Hume (173940/2002). A Treatise of Human Nature, ed. David Fate Norton and Mary J. Norton. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Numerals denote book, part, section, and paragraph.

  • TMS

    Adam . The Theory of Moral Sentiments. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund.

(p.x)
Introduction

Many perennial debates in moral philosophy are compelling because of how they bear on justifications end. For instancedoes morality originate in reason or sentiment? If morality originates in reason, then it will be at least theoretically possible to provide a thoroughly rational justification for all our moral judgments. If morality originates in sentiment, then moral justification will end with concerns of ours that are not rationally required. The danger of a mistaken sentimentalism is giving up too soon: we might think a moral commitment of ours is as justified as it can be, when in fact it is based on something that can be shown to be irrational. The danger of a mistaken rationalism is unrealistic expectations: we might think a moral judgment is illegitimate because it cannot be shown to be fully rational, when in fact it is as justified as it can be.

Is morality universal or relative to culture? If its universal, then if two cultures assign differing moral status to a single practice it will always be at least theoretically possible to show that one of them is wrong. If its relative, then two cultures with differing views may both be as justified as can be. The danger of a mistaken relativism is, once again, giving up too soon: resting content with a practice that further moral scrutiny would reveal to be unjustified. The danger of a mistaken universalism is insisting on the impossible: refusing to accept the legitimacy of a practice because it fails to achieve a justificatory standard that is in fact unreachable.

Its bearing on justifications end is also what makes the debate between pluralists and their opponents compellingand profoundly important to the first-person, deliberative life of a moral agent.

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