Arrell Morgan Gibson - Kickapoos: Lords of the Middle Border (Civilization of the American Indian)

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title	:	The Kickapoos : Lords of the Middle Border Civilization of the American Indian Series ; V. 70
author	:	Gibson, Arrell Morgan.
publisher	:	University of Oklahoma Press
isbn10 | asin	:	0806112646
print isbn13	:	9780806112640
ebook isbn13	:	9780585293288
language	:	English
subject	Kickapoo Indians--History.
publication date	:	1999
lcc	:	E99.K4.G5 1999eb
ddc	:	970.3
subject	:	Kickapoo Indians--History.

Page i THE CIVILIZATION OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN SERIES

Page iii The Kickapoos: Lords of the Middle Border

Page iv

Page v The Kickapoos Lords of the Middle Border By A.M. Gibson

Page vi A PLAINS REPRINT The University of Oklahoma Press is committed to keeping its best works in print. By utilizing digital technology, we can reprint titles for which demand is steady but too small to justify printing by conventional methods. All textual content is identical to that of previous printings. Illustration quality may vary from the originals. By A.M. Gibson Wilderness Bonanza: The Tri-State District of Missouri, Kansas, and Oklahoma (Norman, 1972) The Chickasaws (Norman, 1971) Fort Smith: Little Gibraltar on the Arkansas (with Edwin C. Bearss) (Norman, 1969) The Life and Death of Colonel Albert Jennings Fountain (Norman, 1965) The Kickapoos: Lords of the Middle Border (Norman, 1963) International Standard Book Number: 0-8061-1264-6 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 63-18071 The Kickapoos: Lords of the Middle Border is Volume 70 in The Civilization of the American Indian Series. Copyright 1963 by the University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Publishing Division of the University. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the U.S.A. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Page vii To the memory of my father ARRELL MORGAN GIBSON

Page ix Preface Probably no Indian tribal name has been used as often for non-Indian purposes as "Kickapoo." Because of its appealing sound, "Kickapoo" has been appropriated by geographers, border raiders, politicians, and patent-medicine makers. As one might expect, "Kickapoo" appears most commonly in place geography. These remarkable people have left a legacy of place names in at least eight of the states over which they roamed in earlier times. "Kickapoo" is a popular name for rivers, creeks, towns, and geological configurations such as Kickapoo Gap in south Texas. Fraternal orders, lodges, and even western border raiders during the Civil War, including the famed Kickapoo Rangers, used this tribe's name. Nor did ''Kickapoo" escape political appropriation, for splinter parties in Oklahoma Territory often adopted this name, one example being the Kickapoo faction in early Oklahoma City politics. "Kickapoo" became a common household word throughout America during the late nineteenth century when Healy and Bigelow of New Haven, Connecticut, organized the Kickapoo Medicine Company and peddled Kickapoo Indian Cough Cure, Kickapoo Indian Salve, and Kickapoo Indian Sagwa (a panacea guaranteed to cure symptoms of dyspepsia including neuralgia, headache, constipation, kidney disease, various stomach and liver ailments, and female disorders) through the peripatetic medicine show. The Kickapoos were known by name only, and many features of their folklore, internal organization, and native religion remain

Page x a deep mystery even today. A few names stand out conspicuously among the several hundred Indian tribes of North America. The Cherokees merit special note for their sophistication and remarkable advancement in the arts of western civilization; the Comanches for their barbarity; and the Delawares for friendly service as guides and interpreters. The Kickapoos deserve special recognition also and if one adjective could characterize a tribe, "unconquerable" would best fit these people. Appropriately named Kickapoo from the Algonquian Kiwigapawa, which means "he moves about," and first discovered in the Great Lakes region, this restless people traveled to Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, parts of Ohio, Michigan, New York, Pennsylvania, eastern Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, and northern Mexico. The Kickapoos ranged south of the Ohio River into Kentucky, Tennessee, Georgia, and Alabama to the Gulf. A substantial Kickapoo community still resides in the north Mexican state of Coahuila. The Kickapoos were extremely successful warriors. Skilled in warrior craft and inventive strategy, they were much in demand as frontier shock troops, and successively served as mercenaries for the French, Spanish, British, and Mexicans. Few tribes can match the Kickapoos for vindictiveness. The Kickapoos regarded the United States as the epitome of evil and resisted the Anglo advance with calculated and passionate hostility. While many tribes accepted reservation life, the Kickapoos seemed to become stronger and more determined to resist with each new overture by the United States. The Kickapoos eventually came as prisoners of war from Mexico, sullen and planning new mischief for the agents assigned to watch over them.

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