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Jonathan Evans - Rationality and Reasoning (Essays in Cognitive Psychology)

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    Rationality and Reasoning (Essays in Cognitive Psychology)
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This book addresses an apparent paradox in the psychology of thinking. On the one hand, human beings are a highly successful species. On the other, intelligent adults are known to exhibit numerous errors and biases in laboratory studies of reasoning and decision making. There has been much debate among both philosophers and psychologists about the implications of such studies for human rationality. The authors argue that this debate is marked by a confusion between two distinct notions: (a) personal rationality (rationality1Evans and Over argue that people have a high degree of rationality1 but only a limited capacity for rationality2. The book re-interprets the psychological literature on reasoning and decision making, showing that many normative errors, by abstract standards, reflect the operation of processes that would normally help to achieve ordinary goals. Topics discussed include relevance effects in reasoning and decision making, the influence of prior beliefs on thinking, and the argument that apparently non-logical reasoning can reflect efficient decision making. The authors also discuss the problem of deductive competence - whether people have it, and what mechanism can account for it.As the book progresses, increasing emphasis is given to the authors dual process theory of thinking, in which a distinction between tacit and explicit cognitive systems is developed. It is argued that much of human capacity for rationality1 is invested in tacit cognitive processes, which reflect both innate mechanisms and biologically constrained learning. However, the authors go on to argue that human beings also possess an explicit thinking system, which underlies their unique - if limited - capacity to be rational.

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title Rationality and Reasoning Essays in Cognitive Psychology 0959-4779 - photo 1

title:Rationality and Reasoning Essays in Cognitive Psychology, 0959-4779
author:Evans, Jonathan St. B. T.; Over, D. E.
publisher:Taylor & Francis Routledge
isbn10 | asin:
print isbn13:9780863774379
ebook isbn13:9780585099613
language:English
subjectRationalization (Psychology) , Reasoning (Psychology)
publication date:1996
lcc:BC177.E93 1996eb
ddc:128.33
subject:Rationalization (Psychology) , Reasoning (Psychology)
Page iii
Rationality and Reasoning
Jonathan St.B.T. Evans
University of Plymouth, UK
David E. Over
University of Sunderland, UK
Page iv Copyright 1996 by Psychology Press an imprint of Erlbaum UK - photo 2
Page iv
Copyright 1996 by Psychology Press
an imprint of Erlbaum (UK) Taylor & Francis
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by photostat, microform, retrieval system, or any other means without the prior written permission of the publisher.
Psychology Press, Publishers
27 Church Road
Hove
East Sussex, BN3 2FA
UK
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 0-86377-437-7
Cover by Clearwater Design, Hove.
Printed and bound by TJ Press (Padstow) Ltd.
Page v
Contents
Foreword
vii
Preface and acknowledgements
ix
1. Rationality in reasoning
1
Picture 3
The rationality paradox
2
Picture 4
Two kinds of rationality
7
Picture 5
The limitations of logical reasoning
16
Picture 6
Form and objectives of this book
21
Picture 7
Notes
23
2. Personal goals, utility, and probability
25
Picture 8
Goals and decisions
25
Picture 9
Problems with normative decision theory
29
Picture 10
Epistemic goals and utility
36
Picture 11
Conclusions
43
3. Relevance, rationality, and tacit processing
45
Picture 12
Relevance and rationality
46

Page vi
Picture 13
Relevance in reasoning
54
Picture 14
Relevance in decision making and judgement
62
Picture 15
Conclusions
68
Picture 16
Notes
70
4. Reasoning as decision making: the case of the selection task
71
Picture 17
The deontic selection task
73
Picture 18
Indicative selection tasks
83
Picture 19
Conclusion
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