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Naser Mahdavi Tabatabaei Ali Jafari Aghbolaghi Nicu Bizon - Reactive Power Control in AC Power Systems

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Reactive Power Control in AC Power Systems
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Naser Mahdavi Tabatabaei Ali Jafari Aghbolaghi Nicu Bizon / Frede Blaabjerg
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Springer International Publishing, Cham
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Part I
Fundamentals of Reactive Power in AC Power Systems

Springer International Publishing AG 2017

Naser Mahdavi Tabatabaei , Ali Jafari Aghbolaghi , Nicu Bizon and Frede Blaabjerg (eds.) Reactive Power Control in AC Power Systems Power Systems

1. Electrical Power Systems

Horia Andrei 1

(1)

Doctoral School of Engineering Sciences, University Valahia of Targoviste, Targoviste, Dambovita, Romania

(2)

Department of Electrical Engineering, University Politehnica Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania

(3)

University of Pitesti, Pitesti, Romania

Horia Andrei (Corresponding author)

Email:

Paul Cristian Andrei

Email:

Luminita M. Constantinescu

Email:

Robert Beloiu

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Emil Cazacu

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Marilena Stanculescu

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Abstract

The general description of architecture and classification of power systems are presented at the beginning of the first chapter. Afterwards the basic concepts and analysis methods of electrical power systems are given, being accompanied by many examples of calculation. Also the power flow between the generators and consumers has been considered. In order to characterize the parameters of power systems next section of the first chapter is dedicated to measurement methods of power systems parameters. Electrical energy needed to power industrial or household electric consumers, like any other product, should satisfy specific quality requirements. In this respect the power quality aspects and the standards for power systems parameters are presented. The flow of reactive power and energy in power systems produces significant effects on the optimal functioning of suppliers and customers which are connected. Therefore in the last section of first chapter is defined the importance of reactive power in AC power systems and on its various understandings. Usually the first chapter is closed with a large list of bibliographic references.

1.1 Chapter Overview

First part of this chapter is dedicated to an overview over all the topics presented in its sections. Power generation, transmission and distribution systemsthat can be usually called electrical power systems use almost exclusively AC circuits due to economic and technical advantages they offer. In this respect the second section of this chapter makes a general description of power systems. Generalities about the linear AC circuits in steady state conditions when the parameters as currents through and the voltages across the branches of circuits are sinusoidal are described in section three. Also the flow of power between generator and customers is studied by using the active, reactive, apparent and complex power like other important energetically parameters of AC circuits in sinusoidal state.

In the complex and interconnected power system a large variety of the electromagnetic field occurrences are present. They influence, in any time and location, the system parameters particularly his currents and voltages, one of the most important parameters being the power quality ( PQ ). Therefore all those who are interconnected and use the power system like power suppliers, distributors and customers are interested to preserve the PQ quality in their nominal values or in other words the electrical power as clean as possible.

Generally speaking the power quality term includes all the parameters which are defined for power systems. In order to check the PQ state, the parameters of power systems must be measured as accurately as possible. Herein in Sect..

The circulation of reactive power in power systems produces significant effects on the optimal functioning of suppliers and customers which are connected. Therefore about the importance of reactive power in AC power systems and on its various understandings refers the last section of the chapter.

This chapter is closed with a specific list of bibliographic references.

1.2 Introduction in Electrical Power Systems

Nowadays electrical power, together with natural resources, is becoming one of the most technical, economic and political factors. Often the stability and development of a region of the world depends on the respective countries energy systems and resources among which the electricity plays a key role.

The traditional architecture of Electrical Power Systems (EPS) is based on power generation, transmission, distribution and usage interconnected subsystems [].

More efficient operation modes of distribution subsystems have been implemented with the increasing of DG penetration rate. Thus the presence of a multitude of energy sources leads to improving the continuity of power supply to the industrial and residential consumers. One the other hand there are several technical and economic issues that can be exceeded by introducing of new operation and control concepts as MG paradigm. The MG is a complex flexible and system control system of power flow between the generators and consumers. MG provides real-time decisions and auxiliary services to networks (relieves congestions, aiding restoration after faults e.a.). Also MG can provide to customers their thermal and electric energy needs, enhance the PQ, reduce the pollution and the costs of consumed energy e.a.

Nowadays complex and complicated technical, economic and political processes of industry and residential consumers development influence the dynamics of EPS []:

globalization means the inter-country or inter-continental networks integration, energy market and investment combination and technological integration;
liberalization is associated with the development of regional or inter-regional energy markets;
decentralization assumes the development of small and large units power, together with upgrading and renewal of transmission and distribution networks, and introducing of DG concept;
diversification means the increasing of multitude of energy sources (fuels, renewable energy sources e.a.) and of types of power plants;
modernization results from the development of old technologies and the implementation of new and efficient ones.

Considering that EPS have different functions and nominal voltages, respectively various constructive types, there are some criteria for their classification []:

criteria of nominal voltage is important because with its help is determine the power and distance that can be transmitted, the cost of the transmission line and its equipment e.a. EPS classification taking into account the nominal voltage is presenting in Table .
Table 1.1
Classification of EPS
Class of EPS
Nominal voltage
Low voltage (LV)
501000 V
Medium voltage (MV)
135 kV
High voltage (HV)
35275 kV
Very high voltage (VHV)
>300 kV

Class of EPS	Nominal voltage
Low voltage (LV)	501000 V
Medium voltage (MV)	135 kV
High voltage (HV)	35275 kV
Very high voltage (VHV)	>300 kV

The nominal voltage means the rms value of a line voltage between phases; its standardized values are recommended by the International Electrotechnical Commission (CEI). For example the standardization values in kV are: 3; 3.3; 6; 10; 11; 15; 20; 22; 30; 45; 47; 66; 69; 110; 115; 132; 138; 150; 161; 220; 230; 287; 330; 345; 380; 400; 500; 700, and each country can adopt specific several such values. The LV is used in indoor electrical installations to supply directly the low voltage customers as well as the small urban and industrial networks, with power up to tens of kVA. The MV is used in urban and industrial networks for supply transformers with powers between tens and hundreds of kVA and also can supply directly medium voltage equipment. Transmission and distribution lines for powers between tens of MVA and 12 hundreds of MVA are carried out with HV. The VHV is used for transmission lines of powers between hundreds and thousands of MVA.

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