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Richard F. Hixson - Pornography and the Justices: the Supreme Court and the intractable obscenity problem

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Discussing Supreme Court decisions regarding obscenity, Richard F. Hixson highlights the views of Justices William J. Brennan and John Paul Stevens, borrows from the pioneer decisions of Judge Learned Hand, and consults the work of contemporary First Amendment scholars; finally, though, he relies not on public debate or political machinations but on the justices own published opinions, which are, as he says, the most tantalizing documents of all.Hixson proceeds chronologically through eleven chapters, with each chapter featuring a specific aspect of the constitutional problem and the approach or solution espoused by a particular justice. Through his case-by-case analysis of the many Supreme Court obscenity rulings, Hixson relates each decision to the temper of the times.In this investigation of the Supreme Courts dealings with obscenity, Hixson asksand answers in detaila series of pertinent questions. Do Congressional politics and public opinion prejudice the Courts ability to interpret the Constitution fairly? Must adults be treated the same as children? What are the limits, if any, of content restriction on obscene materials? How much expressive activity is, or should be, protected by the First Amendment? Does pornography discriminate against women? How protective of the individual can the Supreme Court be and, at the same time, allow as many voices as possible to be heard?Pornography and the Justices differs from other studies of pornography in its unique focus and its fresh conclusion, which is a composite of views garnered from the Supreme Court justices. As long as there is ample protection of minors and nonconsenting adults, Hixson argues, obscenity should be up to the individual. Separating himself from others who have discussed the issue, Hixson contends that the freedom to speak is as important as the freedom to be heard: it is essential to be able to speak whether or not anyone is listening.For Hixson, the clear trajectory of Supreme Court opinions implies that the freedom to purchase obscene pornographic matter should be restricted only by time, place, and manner considerations. If a person wants pornography, he or she should be able to get it, albeit perhaps from a higher shelf, in a secluded room, or at a theater clearly marked for adults.

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Pornography and the Justices The Supreme Court and the Intractable - photo 1
Pornography and the Justices
The Supreme Court and the Intractable Obscenity Problem
Richard F. Hixson
SOUTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY PRESS
Carbondale and Edwardsville

title:Pornography and the Justices : The Supreme Court and the Intractable Obscenity Problem
author:Hixson, Richard F.
publisher:Southern Illinois University Press
isbn10 | asin:0809320576
print isbn13:9780809320578
ebook isbn13:9780585201887
language:English
subjectObscenity (Law)--United States--History, Freedom of speech--United States--History.
publication date:1996
lcc:KF9444.H69 1996eb
ddc:345.73/0274
subject:Obscenity (Law)--United States--History, Freedom of speech--United States--History.
Page iv
Copyright 1996 by Richard F. Hixson
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America
Designed by Angela Stanton
99 98 97 96 4 3 2 1
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Hixson, Richard F.
Pornography and the Justices : the Supreme Court and the
intractable obscenity problem / Richard F. Hixson.
p. cm.
Includes index.
1. Obscenity (Law)United StatesHistory. 2. Free
dom of speechUnited StatesHistory. I. Title.
KF9444.H69 1996
345.73'0274dc20
[347.305274] 95-42412
ISBN 0-8093-2057-6 (alk. paper) CIP
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information SciencesPermanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984.
Page v
For Terry
Page vii
Contents
Preface
ix
Chapter
I. Isolated Passages
3
II. Dominant Theme
20
III. Community Standards
41
IV. Variable Obscenity
61
V. Politics and Pandering
80
VI. Social Importance
99
VII. Consenting Exposure
117
VIII. Content Restriction
135
IX. Expressive Activity
157
X. Syndicated Sex
182
XI. Viewpoint Discrimination
200
XII. Afterword
222
Notes
235
Index
257

Page ix
Preface
In the end, Justice John Marshall Harlan was probably right when he concluded, in a letter to a friend just months before his death in 1971, that the "obscenity problem [is] almost intractable, and that its ultimate solution must be found in a renaissance of societal values." But nothing ever comes to an end at the U.S. Supreme Court, least of all societal values that touch upon obscenity and pornography. Such controversial issues seem never to be resolved. They take on a life of their own, as this book attempts to show in its chronological treatment of the many obscenity cases that have reached the Court and in the analyses of the justices' views.
Issues involving the constitutional protection of obscene material have long been the source of controversy within the judicial system, as well as within public discourse in general. The traditional hierarchy of protected free speech, and of the press, as guaranteed by the First and Fourteenth Amendments, ranks political and social expression highest, followed by personal and aesthetic expression, then moral and religious expression"pure speech," in other words. Obscenity's position on the chart continues to be debated, but it is generally said to rank somewhere near the bottom with "fighting words" speech, libelous speech, and commercial
Page x
speech"impure speech." While the Constitution itself does not single out obscene material for exceptional First Amendment treatment, most Supreme Court justices have followed this assumption, casting the Court in the role of "Super Censor" of low-status speech. It's a dirty job, but someone has to do it.
"The subject of obscenity has produced a variety of views among members of the Court unmatched in any other course of constitutional adjudication," said Justice Harlan in 1968 in Interstate Circuit v. Dallas. It was then that he first alluded to the obscenity problem's intractability. But the subject of obscenity, which is what pornography is called when it is proscribed by law, is more than a problem for the courts. Obscenity is also an issue for society at large, for whether viewed as a struggle against repression or as a fight to prevent harmful expression, the issue is permanently on the public agenda of modern democratic society. Elizabeth Fox-Genovese's view, expressed in Feminism Without Illusions, is as much to the point: "Each society gets the pornography it deserves." Justice Harlan could not have said it better.
Judge John M. Woolsey, author of the original Ulysses decision in 1933, spoke for the judiciary in general when he said he thought the courts had defined obscene as "tending to stir the sex impulses or to lead to sexually impure and lustful thoughts." Obscenity, according to the Rosewater Law, is "any picture or phonography record or any written matter calling attention to reproductive organs, bodily discharges, or bodily hair." The law was named after Senator Eliot Rosewater of Kurt Vonnegut's
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