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Amritpal Singh Saroya - Psychoactive Medicinal Plants and Fungal Neurotoxins

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Amritpal Singh Saroya Psychoactive Medicinal Plants and Fungal Neurotoxins

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Amritpal Singh Saroya and Jaswinder Singh Psychoactive Medicinal Plants and - photo 1
Amritpal Singh Saroya and Jaswinder Singh
Psychoactive Medicinal Plants and Fungal Neurotoxins
Amritpal Singh Saroya Herbal Consultant Mohali Punjab India Jaswinder - photo 2
Amritpal Singh Saroya
Herbal Consultant, Mohali, Punjab, India
Jaswinder Singh
Professor, Department of Pharmacology, Sri Guru Ram Das University of Health Sciences, Amritsar, Punjab, India
ISBN 978-981-15-2312-0 e-ISBN 978-981-15-2313-7
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2313-7
Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore

Contents
About the Authors
Amritpal Singh Saroya

is currently Reader in the Department of Dravyaguna, Sri Dhanwantri Ayurvedic College, Chandigarh. He completed his Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery (B.A.M.S.) at Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar. An intern from the prestigious Government Ayurvedic Dispensary, Mohali, he completed his M.D. in Dravyaguna Vigyana from BRA Bihar University, Muzzafarpur, and his M.Sc. in Medicinal Plants at the Global Open University, Nagaland. He has published numerous research papers in respected, peer-reviewed natural and Ayurvedic medicine journals. He has also participated in various national and international seminars/conferences and poster presentations. He is an active member of various societies, including the Asian Council of Science Editors, Indian Society of Chemists and Biologists, and the Science Advisory Board, UK, and many more. He received the Outstanding Scientist Award, 2019, from the VGGOOD, Visakhapatnam, India.

Jaswinder Singh

completed his M.B.B.S. degree at the Government Medical College, Amritsar, in 1995, and his M.D. (Pharmacology) at the Government Medical College, Patiala, in 2001. He has worked in various posts at a number of institutions, including Nepalgunj Medical College, Nepalgunj, and the Government Medical College, Chandigarh. Currently, he is Professor in the Department of Pharmacology at Sri Guru Ram Das University of Health Sciences, Amritsar, where he is also a member of the Pharmacovigilance Committee. He has more than 15 years of teaching experience, and teaches M.D. (Pharmacology), M.B.B.S., B.D.S., and B.Sc. (Nursing students) courses. He has published more than 27 research articles in various national and international journals. He also serves as an editorial board member for two journals.

Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020
A. Singh Saroya, J. Singh Psychoactive Medicinal Plants and Fungal Neurotoxins https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2313-7_1
1. Introduction to Psychoactive Medicinal Plants
Amritpal Singh Saroya
(1)
Herbal Consultant, Mohali, Punjab, India
(2)
Professor, Department of Pharmacology, Sri Guru Ram Das University of Health Sciences, Amritsar, Punjab, India
Amritpal Singh Saroya (Corresponding author)
Jaswinder Singh
1.1 Definition

A substance having a profound or significant effect on mental processes is known as psychoactive (Appleton ).

1.2 Historical Aspects

The psychoactive plants have been used for several purposes. The possible role of Amazonian psychoactive plants in the chemotherapy of parasitic worms has been discussed (Rodriguez et al. ).

Nymphaea ampla DC. (white water lily) has been used in Maya drug rituals (Emboden ).

Mexican phantastica is the early study of ethnobotanical sources of hallucinogenic medicinal plants (Guerra ).

As many as twenty-two plant species are reutilized by the natives of middle and South America as ingredients of ritual fumigatories (De Smet ).

Krah Indians in Brazil use 138 plant species directly or indirectly related to central nervous system. Majority of the medicinal plants appear to have psychoactive potential (Rodrigues and Carlini ).

Psilocybe samuiensis Guzmn, Bandala, and Allen has been used for psychoactive purpose by Koh Samui and Koh Pha-Ngan in Thailand (Allen and Merlin ).

Psilocybe semilanceata (Fr.) P.Kumm. (liberty cap), Panaeolus cyanescens (Berk. & Broome) Sacc., and Psilocybe tampanensis Guzmn & S.H. Pollock are the hallucinogenic mushrooms of the German market. All three are sources of psilocybin and psilocin with P. cyanescens having highest concentration (Musshoff et al. ).

Cases of poisoning with liberty cap have been reported characterized by visual and auditory hallucinations followed by the exogenous psychosis (Satora et al. ).

The psychoactive potential of Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) was initially explained in the year of 1968 (Beattie ).

1.3 Classification (Webb )
The classification of psychoactive medicinal plants is based on the effect:
  • Stimulant: These plants have stimulating effect on the mind or activity without altering perception.

  • Hypnosedatives or narcotics: These plants induce sleep, alter perception, and cause euphoria and vivid dreams.

  • Hallucinogenic: The plants have significant effect on emotions, space, and time.

Bibliography
  1. Aaronson A (1996) Claviceps paspali, a psychoactive compound-producing fungus, found in the grains of Paspalum scrobiculatum in India. Ethnobotany 8:7980
  2. Agurell S (1966) Biosynthesis of ergot alkaloids in Claviceps paspali. I. Incorporation of DL-4-dimethylallyltryptophan-14C. Acta Pharm Suec 3:1122 PubMed
  3. Allen JW, Merlin MD (1992) Psychoactive fungi use in Koh Samui and Koh Pha-Ngan, Thailand. J Ethnopharmacol 35:205228 Crossref
  4. Appleton WS (1967) A guide to the use of psychoactive agents. Dis Nerv Syst 28:609613 PubMed
  5. Appleton WS (1971) Psychoactive drugs: a usage guide. Dis Nerv Syst 32:607616 PubMed
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