DONNA J. HARAWAY - Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: the Reinvention of Nature

Many people and many publishing practices made this book possible, beginning with the anonymous referee for Signs for my first published essays in feminist theory. This generous and critical person turned out to be Rayna Rapp, who has been a personal, intellectual, and political support and inspiration for me ever since. Catherine Stimpson was the editor for those papers, and her theoretical work and editorial skill have enriched my writing and that of many other contributors to contemporary feminism. Constance Clark and Stephen Cross, then graduate students at Johns Hopkins, will see their pervasive influence. Robert Young's ground-breaking writing and committed comradeship showed me that the history of science could be both political and scholarly without compromise. I owe much to his work and that of many others, especially Karl Figlio, Ludi Jordanova, and Les Levidow, associated with Radical Science Journal, Science as Culture, and Free Association Books.

Friendship, ongoing critical conversations, and published and unpublished intertextualities with Judith Butler, Elizabeth Fee, Sandra Harding, Susan Harding, Nancy Hartsock, Katie King, Diana Long, Aihwa Ong, Joan Scott, Marilyn Strathern, and Adrienne Zihlman everywhere inform these chapters. I also thank Frigga Haug and Nora Rathzel from the feminist collective of Das Argument and Elizabeth Weed of differences. Jeffrey Escofier was a persistent gadfly and gentle midwife for the Cyborg Manifesto (Chapter Eight). Scott Gilbert, Michael Hadfield, and G. Evelyn Hutchinson taught me about embryology, ecology, the immune system and much else in the culture of biology.

Extraordinary people whom I first knew through the History of Consciousness Board and graduate seminars at the University of California at Santa Cruz contributed expSicidy and implicitly to this book. I am especially grateful to Gloria Anzaldua, Bettina Aptheker, Sandra Azeredo, Faith Beckett, Elizabeth Bird, Norman O. Brown, Jim Clifford, Mary Crane, Teresa de Lauretis, Paul Edwards, Ron Eglash, Barbara Epstein, Peter Euben, Ramona Fernandez, Ruth Frankenberg, Margo Franz, Thyrza Goodeve, Deborah Gordon, Chris Gray, Val Hartouni, Mary John, Caren Kaplan, Katie King, Hilary Klein, Lisa Lowe, Carole McCann, Lata Mani, Alvina Quintana, Chela Sandoval, Zoe Sofoulis, Noel Sturgeon, Jenny Terry, Sharon Traweek, and Gloria Watkins (bell hooks).

Financial support for writing portions of this book was provided by Academic Senate Research Grants of the University of California at Santa Cruz and the Alpha Fund of the Institute for Advanced Study.

Others have offered support and inspiration in countless ways over many years. These essays especially show the imprint of living and working with Gail Coleman, Layla Krieger, Richard and Rosemarie Stith, Carolyn Hadfield, Robert Filomeno, Jaye Miller, and Rusten Hogness. Finally, I dedicate this book to my parents, Frank Haraway, a sports reporter who showed me that writing can be simultaneously pleasure and work, and Dorothy Maguire Haraway, who died in i960 before I could know her as an adult, but who had communicated to me the trouble and strength of belief and commitment.

The following chapters have been revised from previously published essays, and are printed here with permission. Chapter One originally appeared under the tide 'Animal sociology and a natural economy of the body politic, part I, a political physiology of dominance', in Signs 4 (1978): 21-36. Chapter Two, under the tide 'Animal sociology and a natural economy of the body politic, part II, the past is the contested zone: human nature and theories of production and reproduction in primate behavior studies', in Signs 4 (1978): 37-60. Chapter Three, 'The biological enterprise: sex, mind, and profit from human engineering to sociobiology', in Radical History Review 20 (1979): 206-37. Chapter Four, 'In the beginning was the word: the genesis of biological theory', in Signs 6 (1981): 469-81. Chapter Five, 'The contest for primate nature: daughters of man the hunter in the field, 1960-80', in Mark Kann, ed. The Future of American Democracy: Views from the Left (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1983, pp. 175-207). Chapter Six, 'Reading Buchi Emecheta: contests for 'women's experience' in women's studies', in Inscriptions 3/4 (1988): 107-24. Chapter Seven, as 'Geschlecht, Gender, Genre: Sexualpolitik eines Wortes', in Kornelia Hauser, ed. Viele Orte. Uberall? Feminismus in Bewegung, Festschrift for Frigga Haug. (Berlin: Argument-Verlag, 1987, pp. 22-41). Chapter Eight, as 'Manifesto for cyborgs: science, technology, and socialist feminism in the 1980s', Socialist Review 80 (1985): 65-108. Chapter Nine, as 'Situated knowledges: the science question in feminism as a site of discourse on the privilege of partial perspective', in Feminist Studies 14(3) (1988): 575-99. Chapter Ten, as 'The biopolitics of postmodern bodies: determinations of self in immune system discourse', in differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies 1(1) (1989): 3-43.