John S. Torday - Evolution, the Logic of Biology

1. Chapter 13

1. Chapter 01
2. Chapter 02
3. Chapter 03
4. Chapter 04
5. Chapter 05
6. Chapter 06
7. Chapter 08
8. Chapter 09
9. Chapter 11
10. Chapter 12
11. Chapter 13
12. Chapter 14
13. Chapter 15
14. Chapter 17
15. Chapter 18
16. Chapter 19
17. Chapter 20

John S. Torday

Departments of Pediatrics, and Obstetrics and Gynecology

HarborUCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA

Evolutionary Medicine Program

UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA

Virender K. Rehan

Department of Pediatrics

HarborUCLA Medical Center

Torrance, California, USA

This edition first published 2017
2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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The right of John S. Torday and Virender K. Rehan to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with law.

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ISBN: 9781118729267

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Dr. Torday dedicates this book to his wife Barbara, his children Nicole Anne and Daniel Philip Torday, his daughterinlaw Dr. Erin Kathleen Torday, his granddaughters Abigail Eve and Delia Rose Torday, his parents Steven and Maria Torday, and his mentor Mary Ellen Avery.

Dr. Rehan dedicates this book to his parents Sain Das and Nirmala Rehan, his wife Yu Hsiu and children Amit and Anika Rehan, and his brother (the late) Dr. Sudhir Rehan.

We shall not cease from exploration

and the end of all our exploring will be

to arrive where we started

and know the place for the first time.

T.S. Eliot, Four Quartets

This book is a sequel to our first publication on the cellularmolecular basis for vertebrate evolution, which was entitled Evolutionary Biology, CellCell Communication, and Complex Disease. In it we showed the utility of a cellularmolecular approach to understanding the evolution of complex physiology from the unicellular state. In the current book, the Ur hypothesis is that all complex physiology has evolved from the cell membrane of unicellular organisms, offering a functional integration of all physiologic properties intersecting structurally and functionally in the unicellular singularity. This combined holisticreductionistic perspective provides a fundamental insight to the logic of biology never before available.

By tracing the emergence and contingence of novel evolutionary traits backwards in the history of the organism using ontogeny and phylogeny as guide posts, we have been able to deconvolute the lung as an archetype for understanding how and why physiologic traits have evolved from their unicellular origins how cholesterol evolved from the sterol pathway of bacteria to facilitate oxygenation, metabolism, and locomotion in primitive eukaryotes, only to later recur molecularly, cellularly, structurally, and functionally as the swim bladder of fish, and subsequently as the lung of amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and birds. That arc has provided a way of connecting the evolutionary dots to other physiologic traits skin, kidney, skeleton, brain by tracing their evolution in tandem with the lung ontogenetically and phylogenetically, in combination with pathophysiologic data to provide the fullest picture for such complex, arcane interrelationships. Such interconnections become more apparent during times of stress like the watertoland transition (see , e.g.). The specific causes of the gene mutations and duplications that occurred during that phase of vertebrate evolution, when seen in the context of having to adapt to terrestrial life, become selfevident when factored into the prevailing physiologic constraints. This is particularly true of the developmental and phylogenetic properties that are mediated by soluble growth factors and their cognate receptors.

In brief, , entitled MetaDarwinism, provides examples of the power of the cellularmolecular approach to evolution.

The content of this book constitutes a novel, mechanistic, testable, refutable approach to the questions of how and why evolution has occurred. This book is dedicated to that sea change.

John S. Torday
Virender K. Rehan

There are these two young fish swimming along, and they happen to meet an older fish swimming the other way, who nods at them and says, Morning, boys. How's the water? And the two young fish swim on for a bit, and then eventually one of them looks over at the other and goes "What the hell is water?"

David Foster Wallace, Kenyon College Commencement Speech, 2005

The premise of this book is that the Big Bang of the Universe gave rise to inorganic and organic compounds alike. Both are formed by bonds, the former constituted by inertness, the latter doing quite the opposite by giving rise to life itself. Organic chemistry provided the physical space within which negentropy, chemiosmosis, and homeostasis all acted in concert to form the first primitive cells. Singlecelled organisms dominated the Earth for the first 3 or 4 billion years, followed by the generation of multicellular organisms as exaptations. How and why this occurred provides the mechanism for the emergence of human biology, starting with the first principles of physiology. Such a rendering is way overdue, since the human genome was published more than a decade and a half ago. Without such an effectively predictive working model for physiology, such information is of little value.