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Abcarian Richard - Literature The Human Experience

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Abcarian Richard Literature The Human Experience

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The inside front cover reads RESOURCES FOR READING AND WRITING ABOUT - photo 1

The inside front cover reads, RESOURCES FOR READING AND WRITING ABOUT LITERATURE

In addition to critical thinking and writing prompts for almost every kind of selection in the book, Literature: The Human Experience provides concise, specific advice on reading and writing. This guide shows where to find it.

INTRODUCTION 1

READING LITERATURE 2

Why We Read Literature 2

Reading Actively and Critically 3

Annotating 4

Freewriting 8

Keeping a Journal 10

Strategies for Reading Fiction 11

The Methods of Fiction 11

Tone 11

Plot 12

Characterization 12

Setting 13

Point of View 13

Irony 14

Theme 14

Questions for Exploring Fiction 15

Reading Poetry 16

Word Choice 16

Figurative Language 17

Metaphor 18

Simile 18

Personification 18

Allusion 18

Symbols 18

The Music of Poetry 19

Questions for Exploring Poetry 21

Reading Drama 22

Stages and Staging 23

The Elements of Drama 27

Characters 27

Dramatic Irony 27

Plot and Conflict 28

Questions for Exploring Drama 29

Reading Nonfiction 29

Types of Nonfiction 30

Narrative Nonfiction 30

Descriptive Nonfiction 30

Expository Nonfiction 31

Argumentative Nonfiction 31

Analyzing Nonfiction 31

The Thesis 31

Structure and Detail 32

Style and Tone 32

Questions for Exploring Nonfiction 35

WRITING ABOUT LITERATURE 36

Responding to Your Reading 36

Exploring and Planning 36

Thinking Critically 36

Asking Good Questions 37

Establishing a Working Thesis 37

Gathering Information 38

Organizing Information 38

Drafting the Essay 40

Opening with an Argument 41

Supporting Your Thesis 42

Revising the Essay 43

Editing Your Draft 44

Selecting Strong Verbs 44

Eliminating Unnecessary Modifiers 45

Grammatical Connections 46

Proofreading Your Draft 46

Some Common Writing Assignments 47

Explication 47

Analysis 50

Comparison and Contrast 56

The Research Paper 59

An Annotated Student Research Paper 63

Some Matters of Form and Documentation 71

Titles 71

Quotations 71

Brackets and Ellipses 72

Quotation Marks and Other

Punctuation 72

Documentation 73

Documenting Online Sources 74

A Checklist for Writing about Literature 75

APPENDIXES 1189

Glossary of Critical Approaches 1190

Introduction 1190

Deconstruction 1192

Ethical Criticism 1193

Feminist Criticism 1193

Formalist Criticism 1194

Marxist Criticism 1194

New Historical Criticism 1195

Postcolonial Criticism 1196

Psychoanalytic Criticism 1196

Reader-Response Criticism 1197

Biographical Notes on the Authors 1199

Glossary of Literary Terms 1270

Index of Authors and Titles 1281

A note about the cover: Theres a common saying that eyes are the windows to the soul. This bright, colorful painting entitled Italian Girl, 1918 by Alexej von Jawlensky features the customary eye motif of Literature: The Human Experience and represents the vibrancy of the human condition.

THIRTEENTH EDITION

LITERATURE

THE HUMAN EXPERIENCE

  • RICHARD ABCARIAN
  • California State University, Northridge, Emeritus
  • MARVIN KLOTZ
  • Late of California State University, Northridge
  • SAMUEL COHEN
  • University of Missouri

For BedfordSt Martins Vice President Editorial Macmillan Learning - photo 2

For Bedford/St. Martins

Vice President, Editorial, Macmillan Learning Humanities: Edwin Hill

Senior Program Director for English: Leasa Burton

Senior Program Manager: John E. Sullivan III

Executive Marketing Manager: Joy Fisher Williams

Director of Content Development, Humanities: Jane Knetzger

Developmental Editor: Cara Kaufman

Content Project Manager: Louis C. Bruno Jr.

Senior Workflow Project Manager: Lisa McDowell

Production Supervisor: Robert Cherry

Manager of Publishing Services: Andrea Cava

Project Management: Lumina Datamatics, Inc.

Composition: Lumina Datamatics, Inc.

Text Permissions Editor: Arthur Johnson, Lumina Datamatics, Inc.

Photo Permissions Editor: Angela Boehler

Photo Researcher: Allison Ziebka

Director of Design, Content Management: Diana Blume

Text Design: Joan OConner; DeMasi Design & Publishing Services

Cover Design: William Boardman

Cover Image: Italian Girl, 1918 (oil on board), Jawlensky, Alexej von (18641941) / Private Collection / Photo Christies Images / Bridgeman Images

Copyright 2019, 2016, 2013, 2010 by Bedford/St. Martins.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except as may be permitted by law or expressly permitted in writing by the Publisher.

1 2 3 4 5 6 23 22 21 20 19 18

For information, write: Bedford/St. Martins, 75 Arlington Street, Boston, MA 02116

ISBN 978-1-319-19439-0 (epub)

Acknowledgments

Text acknowledgments and copyrights appear at the back of the book on pages , which constitute an extension of the copyright page. Art acknowledgments and copyrights appear on the same page as the art selections they cover.

For Marv

PREFACE FOR INSTRUCTORS

We all suffer alone in the real world; true empathys impossible. But if a piece of fiction can allow us imaginatively to identify with a characters pain, we might then also more easily conceive of others identifying with our own. This is nourishing, redemptive; we become less alone inside. It might just be that simple.

David Foster Wallace

While committed readers would agree that they read literature because they find it delightful, instructive, or both, many of your students may read literature because it has been assigned to them in a required class. Weve prepared every edition of Literature: The Human Experience for such students. For them, we choose literature thats entertaining and thought-provoking enough to capture the interest of indifferent or uncommitted readers. We organize that literature to address cradle-to-grave thematic concerns that are compelling and inescapable. Finally, we show students how to connect with what they encounter in the literature through their reading, discussion, and writing. As the epigraph by David Foster Wallace suggests, reading literature can forge empathetic links that are consoling, sustaining, and even redemptive. We believe that students experience of literature in a course should leave them feeling connected, not only to the writing they read and the writers who wrote it, but also to one anotherindeed, to the multitudes of others, past and present, whose lives comprise the human experience.

Everything thats new in the thirteenth edition furthers these goals. New works by young writers extend our effort to bring students to literature by including writing that speaks, in voices more like theirs, of experiences to which they can connect. New examples of classic literature on timeless themes continue to represent the best thats been thought and said and as well the perennial need for humans to represent their experiences through imaginative work and storytelling. New pairs and clusters of literary works juxtapose classic and recent writing, encouraging critical comparative thinking. New argument-focused questions ask students to engage more actively with selections, pushing them to think critically and write persuasively about literature. Creative new writing topics strengthen the books emphasis on getting students to see literatureand lifeas writers.

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