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Experience--Addresses, essays, lectures, Theory (Philosophy)--Addresses, essays, lectures.
publication date
:
1970
lcc
:
B105.E9E94eb
ddc
:
005.101
subject
:
Experience--Addresses, essays, lectures, Theory (Philosophy)--Addresses, essays, lectures.
Page i
Experience & Theory
Edited by Lawrence Foster & J. W. Swanson
Page ii
Copyright 1970 by the University of Massachusetts Press All rights reserved Standard Book Number 87023-055-7 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 77-103472 Printed in the United States of America
Page iii
In Memoriam J. W. Swanson (19261969)
Page v
Contents
Preface
ix
Grades of Theoreticity
W. V. Quine
1
Seven Strictures on Similarity
Nelson Goodman
19
Imagination and Perception
P. F. Strawson
31
Toward a Theory of the Categories
Wilfrid Sellars
55
Mental Events
Donald Davidson
79
On the Nature of Empirical Evidence
Roderick M. Chisholm
103
Induction and Experience
Max Black
135
Page vii
Preface
In the Academic Year 1968-1969 The University Of Massachusetts at Amherst offered a faculty-student seminar on the topic "Experience and Theory." The papers included in this volume were originally presented at a public lecture series offered in conjunction with the seminar. In most cases the lectures have been slightly revised for publication.
What distinguishes experience from theory or the experiential from the theoretical? The answer is far from clear. Quine, in "Grades of Theoreticity," examines two problems: the nature of the data of experience and the differing grades of theoreticity or distances from this data. In the course of his investigation he provides an analysis of the technical notion of an observation sentence and also discusses the extent of ostensive learning. He concludes with some illuminating remarks on the theoretical level of the ideas of individuation and objectual quantification.
In the construction of theories to account for certain aspects of experience philosophers frequently appeal to the relation of similarity or resemblance. Traditionally, this relation has been assumed to be both clear and serviceable. Goodman, in "Seven Strictures on Similarity," investigates several areas where this relation has been employed in the solution of a philosophical problem. In each case Goodman argues that recourse to this relation is singularly unhelpful. His claim, if true, takes away "one more handy tool from the philosopher's dwindling kit," and undermines numerous theories in areas ranging from aesthetics to the philosophy of science.
The next three papers take as their point of departure Kant's Critique of Pure Reason. Perhaps this should not be surprising since a major portion of the Critique is concerned with how experience and theory come together to make empirical knowledge possible. In the most purely historical of the seven essays, Strawson, in "Imagination and Perception," focuses on Kant's treatment of the role of imagination as a necessary ingredient in perceptual
Page viii
recognition. Kant's analysis of what is involved in perceiving "an enduring object as an enduring object of a certain kind" is examined. In the course of this study Strawson sets forth Kant's views on the nature of the imagination and its function in perception, and then contrasts them with the views of Hume and the later Wittgenstein.
Like Strawson, Sellars, in "Toward a Theory of the Categories," contrasts the views of Kant and Wittgenstein, but it is the Wittgenstein of the Tractatus rather than of the Philosophical Investigations whom he considers. "Both Kant and Wittgenstein think it possible to give an a priori account of what it is to be an object of empirical knowledge." Sellars claims that the starting point for both philosophers was the structure of logical theory as known in their time. He contends that both Kant and Wittgenstein require a theory of categories in their explication of the concept of an object of empirical knowledge. The major portion of Sellars' essay is devoted to the development of such a theory.
The Kantian problem of reconciling freedom with causal determinism is the concern of Davidson's paper, "Mental Events." Mental events, such as perceivings, decisions, and actions, are admitted as playing a causal role in the physical world. Yet where there is causality there must be deterministic laws. But if this be true, how is freedom possible? Davidson proposes to reconcile freedom with causal determinism by arguing that although mental and physical events are causally related, the correlated deterministic laws cannot be psychophysical ones. He concludes by defending a version of the identity theory of mind and body.
Chisholm's task in "On the Nature of Empirical Evidence" is to give an account of certain fundamental epistemic concepts. On the basis of an undefined notion of epistemic preferability he first attempts to account for the chief concepts and principles pertaining to the epistemic status that a single proposition may have for a given subject at a given time. He then proceeds to define certain epistemic relations, such as
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