Marina Panagiotaki - Cutting-edge Technologies in Ancient Greece

MATERIALS SCIENCE APPLIED TO TRACE ANCIENT TECHNOLOGIES IN THE AEGEAN WORLD

Proceedings of two conferences held in Rhodes, 1214 January 2018 and 1113 January 2019

Edited by

MARINA PANAGIOTAKI, ILIAS TOMAZOS AND FOTIOS PAPADIMITRAKOPOULOS

Published in the United Kingdom in 2020 by

OXBOW BOOKS

The Old Music Hall, 106108 Cowley Road, Oxford, OX4 1JE

and in the United States by

OXBOW BOOKS

1950 Lawrence Road, Havertown, PA 19083

Oxbow Books and the individual authors 2020

Hardback Edition: ISBN 978-1-78925-298-9

Digital Edition: ISBN 978-1-78925-299-6 (epub)

Kindle Edition: ISBN 978-1-78925-300-9 (mobi)

A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Control Number: 2020934987

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission from the publisher in writing.

For a complete list of Oxbow titles, please contact:

UNITED KINGDOM

Oxbow Books

Telephone (01865) 241249

Email:

www.oxbowbooks.com

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Oxbow Books

Telephone (610) 853-9131, Fax (610) 853-9146

Email:

www.casemateacademic.com/oxbow

Oxbow Books is part of the Casemate Group

Front cover: Gold signet ring with elaborate hook decorated with granulation, Mycenae, Chamber Tomb 84 (inv. no. NAM P 3148).

A NASTASSIOS C H . A NTONARAS

Museum of Byzantine Culture, Leoforos Stratou, 54621 Thessaloniki, Greece

K ALLIOPI B AIRAMI

Ephorate of Antiquities of Dodecanese, Ippoton Street, 85100 Rhodes, Greece

A NN B RYSBAERT

Leiden University, Faculty of Archaeology, The Netherlands

M ARIA D IAKOSTAMATIOU

Laboratory of Soil and Honey Analysis, 2 Georgiou Leontos, 85100 Rhodes, Greece

C ONSTANTINOS D. D IMADIS

The Heritage Management Organization, Chicago 60607 IL, USA

E LISSAVET D OTSIKA

National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos, 15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece

I OANNIS F APPAS

Museum of Cycladic Art, 4 Neophytou Douka Street, 10674 Athens, Greece

E VANGELIA G ANOTAKI

Department of Mediterranean Studies, University of the Aegean, 1 Demokratias Street, 85100 Rhodes, Greece

C HARISTOULA G IAKOUMAKI

Ephorate of Antiquities of the Dodecanese Ippoton Street, 85100 Rhodes, Greece

A KIS G OUMAS

14 Nikis and Tinou Street, Nea Ionia, 14235, Athens, Greece

J OHANNES E. G RAMMATIKAKIS

Chemistry Department, University of Crete, Vasilika Vouton 71003 Herakleion, Crete, Greece

D ESPINA I GNATIADOU

National Archaeological Museum, 10682 Athens, Greece

Y IANNOS I OANNIDIS

2 Georgiou Iatrou Street, 15237 Athens, Greece

A NNA K ALAGRI

Ephorate of Antiquities of the Dodecanese, Ippoton Street, 85100 Rhodes, Greece

A THANASIA K ANTA

Ephorate of Antiquities in Heraklion, Crete, Hatzidaki and Xanthoudidi 71202, Heraklion, Greece

A NGELIKI K ATSIOTI

Ephorate of Antiquities of Dodecanese, Ippoton Street, 85100 Rhodes, Greece

P ETROS K ARALIS

Sector of Earth Materials, Department of Geology, University of Patras, 26504 Rio Patras, Greece

D ESPINA K ONDOPOULOU

Department of Geophysics, School of Geology, Aristotle University, Panepistimioupoli 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece

E LENI K ONSTANTINIDI -S YVRIDI

National Archaeological Museum, 10682 Athens, Greece

M ARTA L ORENZON

Centre of Excellence in Ancient Near Eastern Empires, University of Helsinki, PL4, Fabianinkatu 24, Helsinki 00014, Finland

Y ANNIS M ANIATIS

National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos, 15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece

H OLLEY M ARTLEW

Tivoli House, 7 Tivoli Road, Cheltenham, GL50 2TD, England

J AMES M U

Emeritus Professor, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA American School of Classical Studies, 54 Souidias Street, 10676 Athens, Greece

M ARINA P ANAGIOTAKI

Department of Mediterranean Studies, University of the Aegean, 1, Demokratias Street, 85100 Rhodes, Greece

N IKOS P ANAGIOTAKIS

25, D. Solomou, 71306 Herakleion, Greece

N IKOLAS P APADIMITRIOU

University of Heidelberg, Institut fr Klassische Archologie, 4 Marstallhof, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany

I OANNA P APAYIANNI

School of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Panepistimioupoli 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece

E LENI P APAVASSILIOU

Ephorate of Antiquities of the Dodecanese, Ippoton Street, 85100 Rhodes, Greece

K ATERINA P EZOUVANI

Centennial Project, University of Copenhagen, 8 Karen Blixens Plads, Copenhagen, Denmark

N ATASHA P SAROLOGAKI

Ephorate of Antiquities of Dodecanese, Ippoton Street, 85100 Rhodes, Greece

E IRENE A. P OUPAKI

Ephorate of Speleology and Palaeoanthropology, 34, Ardittou Street, 11636 Athens, Greece

C HRISTINA R ATHOSSI

Sector of Earth Materials, Department of Geology, University of Patras, 26504 Rio Patras, Greece

A POSTOLOS S ARRIS

GeoSat ReSeArch Laboratory, Foundation for Research and Technology, Hellas (F.O.R.T.H.), 130 Nik. Foka, 74100 Rethymno, Crete, Greece

F OTIS S IDIROPOULOS

Ephorate of Antiquities of Dodecanese, Ippoton Street, 85100 Rhodes, Greece

D IMITRIS T AMBAKOPOULOS

National Centre for Scientific Research Demokritos 15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece

M IKE T ITE

Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK

C HARILAOS E. T SELIOS

Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports, 11 Aghion Asomaton Street, 105 53 Athens, Greece

G ERHARD Z IMMER

Catholic University of Eichsttt-Ingolstadt, 26 Ostenstrasse, 85072 Eichsttt, Germany

Professor Emeritus James Muhly, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Professor Emerita Ioanna Papayianni, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece

Professor Emeritus Gerhard Zimmer, Catholic University of Eichsttt-Ingolstadt, Germany

Professor Ilias Tomazos, University of Connecticut, USA

Professor Fotios Papadimitrakopoulos, University of Connecticut, USA

F. Ass. Professor Marina Panagiotaki, University of the Aegean, Rhodes, Greece

Professor Emerita Anna Michailidou, National Research Centre, Athens

Kostas Demadis, Professor of Chemistry, Crystal Engineering, Growth & Design Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete

Dr Ioannis Bassiakos, National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos, 15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece

In January 2018, a conference on cutting-edge technologies in ancient Greece, was held in Rhodes a joint effort of the University of the Aegean (Marina Panagiotaki), Paedeia Study Abroad in Greece (Ilias Tomazos, University of Connecticut) and the Materials Science department of the University of Connecticut (Fotios Papadimitrakopoulos).

We focused exclusively on materials produced with the help of fire (the kiln). The key aim was to trace the contribution to the world of technology of the Minoan, the Mycenaean and the historical Greek craftsperson. To achieve this, we invited mostly archaeological scientists who could potentially trace innovations of the Aegean craftsman in the materials he/she produced or worked, by using scientific analytical methods. Experimental archaeology was also employed to help illuminate the methods used in the production of materials.