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War Beneath the Sea: Submarine conflict during World War II
Author:
Peter Padfield
Publisher:
Lume Books
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Books / Romance novel
Year:
2020
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WAR BENEATH THE SEA

Submarine Conflict 19391945

Peter Padfield

First published in 1995 by John Murray Ltd

This edition published in 2020 by Lume Books.

TO JOHN L. STEVENS

one-time submariner, RNR

Altor, Upstart, Otway, Unbending,

doctor: Mayflower II,

who failed to return from his last voyage in Slyboots

Table of Contents

MAPS

APPENDICES

PREFACE

First I should like to thank David Roberts, whose original idea this book was, and Grant McIntyre for much support while I was working on it.

The demands of narrative and readability, not to say time and translation, have forced me to limit the scope of the book to the major campaigns of the major submarine services, German, American, British and Japanese, giving indications only of the parts played by the Italian, French, Russian, Dutch, Greek, Polish and Norwegian services. Thus the book is by no means encyclopaedic. I have attempted rather to illumine the decisive and the typical as well as the heroic, to catch mood and feeling as well as follow the strategic, tactical and technological developments.

To an extent the availability of archive material has played a part in shaping the book: the German archives are readily accessible, the Japanese have been largely destroyed. For Japanese operations I have relied greatly on the findings of the US Naval Technical Missions to Japan after the war and the works of W.J. Holmes, an intelligence officer at Pearl Harbor throughout the war, subsequently historian of the underwater campaigns in the Pacific. For all that, the German U-boat campaign was the most potentially decisive aspect of submarine operations in the Second World War, and I make no apology for the space devoted to it. The US submarine campaign had equal potential, but in the event the service was only one of three unstoppable US naval arms. For US submarine operations I owe a debt to W.J. Holmes for his Undersea Victory and Double-edged Secrets and to Clay Blair Jnr. for his detailed history, Silent Victory .

I am deeply in debt to Peter Hansen, a wartime U-boat officer of enquiring mind and wide horizons, who has gone to great trouble explaining both material and psychological factors in U-boat service under Dnitz, and submarine matters in general, and has allowed me to quote passages from his letters to me. Similarly I should like to thank two distinguished wartime submariners, Vice-Admiral Sir Ian McGeoch for his detailed answers to my queries and for allowing me to quote from them and from other papers and letters and his recent memoir, An Affair of Chances , published by the Imperial War Museum; and Captain Edward L. Beach, USN, for his great help and enthusiasm and for permission to quote from his epic Submarine! , published by Henry Holt, and his article entitled Radar and Submarines in World War II published in Defense Electronics .

I had many conversations about the higher direction of the war with the late, greatly missed Lieutenant-General Sir Ian Jacob, military secretary to Churchills War Cabinet, and will ever be grateful for his encouragement, help and wisdom. The opinions expressed in this book are mine, however, not necessarily his.

I should like to thank Gus Britton of the Royal Navy Submarine Museum, Gosport, for his help, generously given, and for permission to quote from a letter he wrote home from the Uproar in the Mediterranean, previously quoted in Richard Compton-Halls The Underwater War 19391945 , published by Blandford Press. And I am extremely grateful to Commander William King, RN, for permission to quote extracts from his classic individual account of his own submarine war, The Stick and the Stars , published by Hutchinson in 1958.

Fred Lake and Bridget Spiers of the naval section of the Ministry of Defence Library were most helpful in pointing me to material, and Alan Francis and Robert Coppock of the Naval Historical Branch were, as ever, immensely knowledgeable and ready with help and advice. Paul Kemp and Ian Carter guided me through the vast photographic archive at the Imperial War Museum, and I should like to record my debt to their help and expert knowledge. I am particularly excited by the astonishing, hitherto unknown pictures of the capture of U110 which Paul Kemp was able to provide. My editor, Gail Pirkis, has been an indefatigable support, for whose care with the text I am most grateful. I should also like to acknowledge my debt to the excellent Suffolk County Library interlending service.

Finally I would like to thank the following for permission to reproduce quotations: Lothar-Gnther Buchheim, The Boat and U-Boat War , HarperCollins; Herbert A. Werner, Iron Coffins , Arthur Barker; Nicholas Monsarrat, Three Corvettes , Cassell; W.J. Holmes, Undersea Victory , Doubleday; Edward Young, One of Our Submarines , Hart-Davis; Peter Cremer, U-Boat Commander , Bodley Head; I.J. Galantin, Take Her Deep , Unwin Hyman; and Heinz Schaeffer, U-Boat 977 , William Kimber. And I should like to thank Rear-Admiral J.R. Hill, editor of The Naval Review , for permission to quote from the late Patrick Beesleys article, The Operational Intelligence Centre N.I.D 19391945.

I apologize if by oversight I have omitted anyone.

ABBREVIATIONS

asdic	Allied Submarine Detection Investigation Committee
ASV	British aircraft radar; ASVII metric wavelength; ASVIII centimetric wavelength
ASW	anti-submarine warfare
B-Dienst	Funkbeobachtungsdienst , German radio monitoring and decrypting service
BdU	Befehlshaber der U-boote; chief of the U-boat arm
Bletchley	Bletchley Park, British radio decryption station
Cast	US Navy Code and Signals Section, Corregidor
Cdr.	Commander
Cinclant	Commander-in-Chief Atlantic Fleet
CO	Commanding officer, or captain of a submarine
Cominch	Commander-in-Chief US Fleet
Comsubaf	Commander Submarines Asiatic Fleet
Comsubpac	Commander Submarines Pacific Fleet
DA	director angle; the aim-off required to hit a moving target
DF	radio direction-finder; apparatus to find the bearing of a transmitting radio
DSEA	Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus
D. T. Gert	early camouflage name for German asdic
Enigma	cipher machine used by German armed services, M for the Kriegsmarine
ERA	engine room artificer; in RN submarines the chief engineer
exec.	executive officer, US Navy, the senior officer below the CO; equivalent to RN first lieutenant
FAT	Flschenabsuch (or Federapparat ) Torpedo; an anti-convoy torpedo that travelled a set course for a set distance, then turned and steered back
FdU	Fhrer der U-boote; up to 1939 chief of the U-boat arm; subsequently theatre U-boat chief

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