Charles Darwin - Oakshot Complete Works of Charles Darwin
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Charles Robert Darwin, (/drwn/; 12 February 1809 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist and geologist, best known for his contributions to evolutionary theory. He established that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors, and in a joint publication with Alfred Russel Wallace introduced his scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection, in which the struggle for existence has a similar effect to the artificial selection involved in selective breeding.
Darwin published his theory of evolution with compelling evidence in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species, overcoming scientific rejection of earlier concepts of transmutation of species. By the 1870s, the scientific community and much of the general public had accepted evolution as a fact. However, many favoured competing explanations and it was not until the emergence of the modern evolutionary synthesis from the 1930s to the 1950s that a broad consensus developed in which natural selection was the basic mechanism of evolution. In modified form, Darwins scientific discovery is the unifying theory of the life sciences, explaining the diversity of life.
Darwins early interest in nature led him to neglect his medical education at the University of Edinburgh; instead, he helped to investigate marine invertebrates. Studies at the University of Cambridge (Christs College) encouraged his passion for natural science. His five-year voyage on HMS Beagle established him as an eminent geologist whose observations and theories supported Charles Lyells uniformitarian ideas, and publication of his journal of the voyage made him famous as a popular author.
Puzzled by the geographical distribution of wildlife and fossils he collected on the voyage, Darwin began detailed investigations and in 1838 conceived his theory of natural selection. Although he discussed his ideas with several naturalists, he needed time for extensive research and his geological work had priority. He was writing up his theory in 1858 when Alfred Russel Wallace sent him an essay that described the same idea, prompting immediate joint publication of both of their theories. Darwins work established evolutionary descent with modification as the dominant scientific explanation of diversification in nature. In 1871 he examined human evolution and sexual selection in The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex, followed by The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. His research on plants was published in a series of books, and in his final book, he examined earthworms and their effect on soil.
Darwin has been described as one of the most influential figures in human history; he was honoured by burial in Westminster Abbey.
Bio from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Update 2 - 1st November 2016
Reviewed and updated all books to include either paragraph indents or correct line spacing between paragraphs to make it easier for the user to read and distinguish paragraph start and end.
Ebook specifically formatted for kindle devices and tested with all Kindle 5 way navigation functions and Kindle table of contents button. Ebook comes with main table of contents and interlinked sub table of contents. Ebook contains illustrations and inline footnotes where applicable.
Each chapter is clearly marked so user knows which book within the boxset is being read.
The Books.
- The Structure And Distribution Of Coral Reefs. (Illustrated / Inline Footnotes)
- Geological Observations On Volcanic Islands. (Illustrated / Inline Footnotes)
- Geological Observations on South America. (Illustrated / Inline Footnotes)
- Journal of Researches Vol 1&2 (Illustrated / Inline Footnotes)
- A Monograph of The Sub-Class Cirripedia. (Illustrated / Inline Footnotes)
- A Monograph Of The Fossil Lepadidae. (Illustrated / Inline Footnotes)
- A Monograph On The Fossil Balanid And Verrucid. (Illustrated / Inline Footnotes)
- On The Tendency Of Species To Form Varieties; And On The Perpetuation Of Varieties And Species By Natural Means Of Selection. (Inline Footnotes)
- On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. 1st Edition (Illustrated)
- On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. 3rd Edition (Illustrated)
- On The Various Contrivances By Which British And Foreign Orchids Are Fertilised By Insects. (Illustrated / Inline Footnotes)
- The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication Vol 1&2. (Illustrated / Inline Footnotes)
- On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. 6th Edition (Illustrated)
- The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. (Illustrated / Inline Footnotes)
- The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex. (Illustrated / Inline Footnotes)
- Insectivorous Plants. (Illustrated / Inline Footnotes)
- The Effects of Cross & Self-Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom. (Illustrated / Inline Footnotes)
- The Different Forms Of Flowers On Plants Of The Same Species. (Illustrated / Inline Footnotes)
- The Power of Movement in Plants. (Illustrated / Inline Footnotes)
- The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms / With Observations on Their Habits. (Illustrated / Inline Footnotes)
- The Movements and Habits of Climbing Plants. (Illustrated / Inline Footnotes)
- The Voyage of the Beagle. Journal Of Researches Into The Natural History & Geology Of The Countries Visited During The Voyage Round The World Of H.M.S. Beagle (Illustrated / Inline Footnotes)
The Letters.
- Life and Letters of Charles Darwin. Vol1&2 Including An Autobiographical Chapter Edited By His Son Francis Darwin.
- More Letters of Charles Darwin Vol1&2 Edited By Francis Darwin And A.C. Seward.
The Biographies.
- The Autobiography of Charles Darwin Edited by his Son Francis Darwin.
- Life of Charles Darwin by G.T Bettany. (Inline Footnotes)
- Charles Darwin by Grant Allen. (Inline Footnotes)
- Charles Darwin: His Life Told in an Autobiographical Chapter Edited By His Son, Francis Darwin. (Illustrated / Inline Footnotes)
- Famous Men of Science by Sarah. K. Knowles.
The Criticism, Essays and Reviews.
- Essays on Darwinism by Thomas R.R Stebbing. (Inline Footnotes)
- What is Darwinism? by Charles Hodge. (Inline Footnotes)
- Essays and Reviews Pertaining to Darwinism by Asa Gray. (Inline Footnotes)
- The Theories of Darwin and Their Relation to Philosophy, Religion, and Morality by Rudolf Schmid. (Inline Footnotes)
- Darwiniana Collected Essays by Thomas Henry Huxley. (Inline Footnotes)
- Darwin and Modern Science by A.C Seward and Others. - Essays In Commemoration Of The Centenary Of The Birth Of Charles Darwin And Of The Fiftieth Anniversary Of The Publication Of The Origin Of Species
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ISBN 978-1-326-78841-4
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Corals on the outer margin.Zone of Nulliporae.Exterior reef.Islets. Coral-conglomerate.Lagoon.Calcareous sediment.Scari and Holuthuriae subsisting on corals.Changes in the condition of the reefs and islets. Probable subsidence of the atoll.Future state of the lagoon.
General form and size of atolls, their reefs and islets.External slope. Zone of Nulliporae.Conglomerate.Depth of lagoons.Sediment.Reefs submerged wholly or in part.Breaches in the reef.Ledge-formed shores round certain lagoons.Conversion of lagoons into land.
Maldiva Archipelago.Ring-formed reefs, marginal and central.Great depths in the lagoons of the southern atolls.Reefs in the lagoons all rising to the surface.Position of islets and breaches in the reefs, with respect to the prevalent winds and action of the waves.Destruction of islets.Connection in the position and submarine foundation of distinct atolls.The apparent disseverment of large atolls.The Great Chagos Bank.Its submerged condition and extraordinary structure.
Closely resemble in general form and structure atoll-reefs.Width and depth of the lagoon-channels.Breaches through the reef in front of valleys, and generally on the leeward side.Checks to the filling up of the lagoon-channels.Size and constitution of the encircled islands. Number of islands within the same reef.Barrier-reefs of New Caledonia and Australia.Position of the reef relative to the slope of the adjoining land.Probable great thickness of barrier-reefs.
Reefs of Mauritius.Shallow channel within the reef.Its slow filling up.Currents of water formed within it.Upraised reefs.Narrow fringing-reefs in deep seas.Reefs on the coast of E. Africa and of Brazil.Fringing-reefs in very shallow seas, round banks of sediment and on worn-down islands.Fringing-reefs affected by currents of the sea. Coral coating the bottom of the sea, but not forming reefs.
The atolls of the larger archipelagoes are not formed on submerged craters, or on banks of sediment.Immense areas interspersed with atolls.Recent changes in their state.The origin of barrier-reefs and of atolls.Their relative forms.The step-formed ledges and walls round the shores of some lagoons.The ring-formed reefs of the Maldiva atolls.The submerged condition of parts or of the whole of some annular reefs.The disseverment of large atolls.The union of atolls by linear reefs.The Great Chagos Bank.Objections, from the area and amount of subsidence required by the theory, considered.The probable composition of the lower parts of atolls.
Description of the coloured map.Proximity of atolls and barrier-reefs. Relation in form and position of atolls with ordinary islands.Direct evidence of subsidence difficult to be detected.Proofs of recent elevation where fringing-reefs occur.Oscillations of level.Absence of active volcanoes in the areas of subsidence.Immensity of the areas which have been elevated and have subsided.Their relation to the present distribution of the land.Areas of subsidence elongated, their intersection and alternation with those of elevation.Amount and slow rate of the subsidence.Recapitulation.
Containing a detailed description of the reefs and islands in Plate III.
A scientific discovery is the outcome of an interesting process of evolution in the mind of its author. When we are able to detect the germs of thought in which such a discovery has originated, and to trace the successive stages of the reasoning by which the crude idea has developed into an epoch-making book, we have the materials for reconstructing an important chapter of scientific history. Such a contribution to the story of the "making of science" may be furnished in respect to Darwin's famous theory of coral-reefs, and the clearly reasoned treatise in which it was first fully set forth.
The subject of corals and coral-reefs is one concerning which much popular misconception has always prevailed. The misleading comparison of coral-rock with the combs of bees and the nests of wasps is perhaps responsible for much of this misunderstanding; one writer has indeed described a coral-reef as being "built by fishes by means of their teeth." Scarcely less misleading, however, are the references we so frequently meet with, both in prose and verse, to the "skill," "industry," and "perseverance" of the "coral-insect" in "building" his "home." As well might we praise men for their cleverness in making their own skeletons, and laud their assiduity in filling churchyards with the same. The polyps and other organisms, whose remains accumulate to form a coral-reef, simply live and perform their natural functions, and then die, leaving behind them, in the natural course of events, the hard calcareous portions of their structures to add to the growing reef.
While the forms of coral-reefs and coral-islands are sometimes very remarkable and worthy of attentive study, there is no ground, it need scarcely be added, for the suggestion that they afford proofs of design on the part of the living builders, or that, in the words of Flinders, they constitute breastworks, defending the workshops from whence "infant colonies might be safely sent forth."
It was not till the beginning of the present century that travellers like Beechey, Chamisso, Quoy and Gaimard, Moresby, Nelson, and others, began to collect accurate details concerning the forms and structure of coral-masses, and to make such observations on the habits of reef-forming polyps, as might serve as a basis for safe reasoning concerning the origin of coral-reefs and islands. In the second volume of Lyell's "Principles of Geology," published in 1832, the final chapter gives an admirable summary of all that was then known on the subject. At that time, the ring-form of the atolls was almost universally regarded as a proof that they had grown up on submerged volcanic craters; and Lyell gave his powerful support to that theory.
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