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TYPESOFWIRELESSNETWORKSANDCONNECTIONS
OTHERUSESOFWIRELESSTECHNOLOGY

CHAPTER10:INTRODUCTIONTOMACHINELEARNING:ACOMPUTERNETWORKINGPERSPECTIVE
WHATISMACHINELEARNING?
INCOMPUTINGTERMS
HOWMACHINELEARNINGWORKSCHAPTER 1: AN INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORKING

WHYMACHINELEARNING?
CLASSIFICATIONOFMACHINELEARNINGCHAPTER 2: NETWORK MANAGEMENT
MACHINELEARNINGAPPLICATIONS

MachineLearninginAnalyticsCHAPTER 3: COMPUTER NETWORK COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES
MachineLearninginManagement
CHAPTER 4: THE INTERNET
MachineLearninginSecurity
CONCLUSIONCHAPTER 5: ROUTER AND SERVER BASICS

CHAPTER 6: IP ADDRESSING AND IP SUB-NETTING
CHAPTER 7: INTRODUCTION TO CISCO SYSTEM AND CCNA CERTIFICATIONCHAPTER 8: FUNDAMENTALS OF NETWORK SECURITY
CHAPTER 9: WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY AND SECURITY

CHAPTER 10: INTRODUCTION TO MACHINE LEARNING: A COMPUTER NETWORKING PERSPECTIVE

WhatIsaComputerNetwork?
Computernetworkisatermthatreferstoanygroupofcomputersthatarelinkedtooneanother,allowingforcommunicationamongthem.Anetworkalsoallowsmembercomputerstoshareapplications,data,andothernetworkresources(fileservers,printers,andmanyothers).

Computer networks may be differentiated according to size, functionality, andeven location. However, size is the main criterion with which computernetworks are classified. Thus, there are a number of unique computer networksthat we shall discuss individually under the subtopic Types of ComputerNetworks.

A network topology refers to the arrangement and the way components of anetwork are interconnected. There are two forms of computer networktopologies.

Logicaltopologydefineshowlinkednetworkdevicesappearinanetwork.Itisthe architectural design of a networks communication mechanism among thedifferentdevices.

Physical topology can be said to be the way all the nodes of a network aregeometrically represented. The following are the various types of physicaltopologies:

In this topology, all hosts on a network are linked via a single cable. Networkdevicesareeitherlinkeddirectlytothebackbonecableorviadropcables.

Whenanodewantstorelaysomemessage,itrelaysittotheentirenetwork.Themessage is received by all the network nodes regardless of whether it isaddressedornot.

This topology is primarily adopted for 802.4 and 802.3 (Ethernet) standardnetworks.

Bustopologyconfigurationissimplerincomparisonwithothertopologies.Thebackbonecableisasinglelanethroughwhichmessagesarerelayedtoallthenodesonthenetwork.

BustopologiespopularlyrelyonCSMAastheprimaryaccessmethod.CSMA is a media access control that regulates data flow in order to maintaindataintegrityoverthenetwork.
AdvantagesofBusTopology
The cost of installation is low since nodes are interconnecteddirectlyusingcableswithouttheneedforahuborswitch.Supportformoderatedataspeedsbyuseofcoaxialandtwistedpaircablesthatallowsupto10Mbpsonly.

Uses familiar technology that makes its installation andtroubleshooting a walk in the park, since tools and materials arereadilyavailable.

There is a great degree of reliability since the failure of a singlenodedoeshavenoeffectontherestofthenetworknodes.
DisadvantagesofBusTopology
Cablingisquiteextensive.Thismaymaketheprocessquitetedious.Troubleshootingforcablefailuresismostlyapaintomostnetworkadministrators.
Chances of message collision are high in case different nodes sendmessagessimultaneously.
Theadditionofnewnodesslowsdowntheentirenetwork.

Expansionofthenetworkcausesattenuation-lossofsignalstrength.This may be corrected with the use of repeaters (to regenerate thesignal).

The only difference between ring topology and bus topology is that in theformer,theendsareconnected,whileintheformer,endsareopen.

Whenonenodegetsamessagefromthesender,thatnodesendsthemessagetothe next node. Hence, communication takes place in one direction-it isunidirectional

Each and every single node on the network is linked to another node without aterminationpoint.Dataflowscontinuouslyinoneloop-endlessloop.

Dataflowalwaystakesaclockwisedirection.
Ringtopologyoftenusestokenpassingasthemainaccessmethod.

Token passing: an access method in which tokens are passed from station toanother.
Token:adataframethatmovesaroundthenetwork.
TokenPassinginAction
Atokenmovesaroundthenetworkfromonenodetoanothertillthedestination.
Thesenderputsanaddressplusdatainthetoken.

The token passes from one node to the next-checking the tokenaddressagainsttheindividualaddressesofeachandeverynodeonthenetworkuntilitfindsamatch.

Thetokenisusedasacarrier-fordata(andthedestinationaddress).
MeritsofRingTopology
Network management is relatively easy since faulty componentscanberemovedwithoutinterferingwiththeothers.
Most of the hardware and software requirements for this networktopologyarereadilyavailable.

The installation cost is quite low since the popular twisted paircablesthatrequiredinplentyarequiteinexpensive.
Thenetworkislargelyreliablesinceitdoesnotrelyonasinglehostmachine.

DemeritsofRingTopology

Troubling may be quite a task in the absence of specialized testequipment. Detection of a fault in the cable is normally a seriouschallenge.

Failure in one node leads to failure in the entire network sincetokens have to through each node for a complete cycle ofcommunicationfromsendertodestination.

The addition of new network devices slows down the entirenetwork.
Communication delay increases with increasing nodes/networkcomponents. Inthistopology,acentralcomputer,switchorhubconnectsallthenodesonthenetwork.Thecentraldeviceistheserverwhiletheperipheralsareclients.

Coaxial cables or Ethernets RJ-45 are favored for connection of the networknodes to the server. Switches are hubs are preferred as the main connectiondevicesinthistopology.

Thisisbyfarthemostwidelyusedtopologyinnetworkimplementations.ProsofStarTopology
There is the ease of troubleshooting since problems are handled atindividualstations.
Complexnetworkcontrolfeaturescanbeimplementedwitheaseattheserverside-whichalsoallowstheautomationofcertaintasks.

Theres a limited failure since an issue in one cable does nottranslate into an entire network problem. The fault in a cable mayonly affect a single node on the network since the nodes are notinterconnectedviacables.

Open ports on a switch or hub allow for easy expansion of thenetwork.

The use of inexpensive coaxial cables makes star topology highlycost-effectivetoimplement.
It has the capacity to handle the data speed of up to 100Mbps.Hence,itsupportsdatatransmissionatveryhighspeeds.ConsofStarTopology
Ifthecentralconnectingdevicefailsormalfunctions,thentheentirenetworkgoesdown.
The use of cabling at times makes routing an exhausting exercisecableroutingisnormallydifficult.

Thistopologyputsthefeaturesofbusandstartopologiesinonebasket.Inthistopology,allcomputersareinterconnected,butinahierarchicalmanner.

Thetop-mostnodeinthistopologyisreferredtoasarootnode,whereasalltheothersaredescendantsoftherootnode.
There exists just a single path between two nodes for the transmission of dataformingaparent-childhierarchy.
MeritsofTreeTopology
Itsupportsbroadbanddatatransmissionoverlongdistanceswithoutissuesofattenuation.

Star topology allows for easy expansion of a network since newdevices can be added without an existing network with littledifficulty.

Ease of management-networks are segmented into star networksthatmakeitrelativelyeasytomanage.
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