DE AFRICA ROMAQUE
Society for Libyan Studies Conference Volume 1
DE AFRICA ROMAQUE
MERGING CULTURES ACROSS NORTH AFRICA
Proceedings of the International Conference held
at the University of Leicester (26-27 October 2013)
Edited by
Niccol Mugnai, Julia Nikolaus, Nick Ray
The Society for Libyan Studies
Society for Libyan Studies Conference Volume 1
Produced in 2016 by:
The Society for Libyan Studies
c/o The British Academy
1011 Carlton House Terrace
London SW1Y 5AH
www.societyforlibyanstudies.org
Copyright 2016 The Society for Libyan Studies
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or stored or transmitted by any means or in any form, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system, without prior written permission from the publisher.
ISBN: 978-1-900971-33-1
Cover and interior design by Chris Bell
Printed in the United Kingdom by Marston Book Services
CONTENTS
J. Nikolaus and N. Mugnai
D.J. Mattingly
R.G. Morkot
D.L. Stone
S. Camporeale
G. Carpentiero
E. Gasparini
M.S. Hobson
A. Merrills
G. Sears
L. Bigi
E. Jerray
B. Russell
M. Oldjira and S. Walker
J. Nikolaus
N. Mugnai
P. Pensabene
A. Leone
R.B. Hitchner
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
APM Atlas prhistorique du Maroc, Paris (1973).
APT Atlas prhistorique de la Tunisie, Rome (1985-).
Carte Carte nationale des sites archologiques et des monuments historiques de la Tunisie, Tunis (1998-).
CIL Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, Berlin (1862-).
IAM2 Inscriptions antiques du Maroc, 2. Inscriptions latines, Paris (1982).
IAM2 Suppl. Inscriptions antiques du Maroc, 2. Inscriptions latines. Supplment, Paris (2003).
ILAlg Inscriptions latines de lAlgrie, Paris (1922-).
ILS Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae, Berlin (1892-1916).
P. Fay. Fayum Towns and their Papyri, London (1900).
P. Mich. Papyri and Ostraca from Karanis, Ann Arbor (1931-).
P. Ryl. Catalogue of the Greek and Latin Papyri in the John Rylands Library, Manchester (1909-1938).
P. Tebt. The Tebtunis Papyri, London (1902-1976).
RIL Recueil des inscriptions libyques, Paris (1940-1941).
SEG Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum, Amsterdam (1923-).
The Epigraphic Survey 1930 Medinet Habu, Volume I. Earlier Historical Records of Ramses III, Chicago (1930).
The Epigraphic Survey 1932 Medinet Habu, Volume II. Later Historical Records of Ramesses III, Chicago (1932).
The Epigraphic Survey 1986 Reliefs and Inscriptions at Karnak, Volume IV: The Battle Reliefs of King Sety I, Chicago (1986).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The editing of this volume has been a long and engaging process, and its positive outcome would have been impossible without the kind support we received from numerous persons. Firstly, we would like to express our gratitude to all the Officers and Council Members of the Society for Libyan Studies for financing this publication and for their constant encouragement during these years. Without them, this book would simply not exist. We also want to thank all the contributors to this volume for their hard work, enthusiasm and patience throughout the editing process.
The organization of the conference in Leicester (26-27 October 2013) was made possible through the generous grants awarded to us by various institutions: the College of Arts, Humanities and Law (University of Leicester); the Graduate School Researcher Development Fund (University of Leicester); the School of Archaeology and Ancient History (University of Leicester); the Institute of Classical Studies (University of London); the Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies; the Society for Libyan Studies; and the Trans-Sahara Project.
A special acknowledgement is dedicated to those who kindly offered their help to run the conference and during the following stages of the book editing: Aurlie Cunod; Rachel Godfrey; Sergio Gonzalez Sanchez; Crysta Rose Kaczmarek; Sharon North; Denis Sami; Giacomo Savani; Brittany Thomas; Selina Thraves; and Adam Thuraisingam.
The book has greatly benefited from the scientific support and advice of numerous scholars. To all of them goes our most sincere thanks: Lucy Audley-Miller (University of Oxford); Paolo Barresi (Universit degli Studi di Enna Kore); Michel Bonifay (Aix-Marseille Universit, Centre Camille Jullian); Alan K. Bowman (University of Oxford); Janet DeLaine (University of Oxford); J. Clayton Fant (University of Akron); Michael Heinzelmann (Universitt zu Kln); R. Bruce Hitchner (Tufts University); Philip Kenrick (Society for Libyan Studies); Victoria Leitch (Society for Libyan Studies); Anna Leone (Durham University); David J. Mattingly (University of Leicester); Emanuele Papi (Universit di Siena); Patrizio Pensabene (Universit di Roma La Sapienza); Josephine Crawley Quinn (University of Oxford); Anna-Katharina Rieger (Universitt Erfurt); Susan Walker (Society for Libyan Studies); Robin Whelan (University of Oxford); and Andrew I. Wilson (University of Oxford).
Last but not least, we owe a major debt of gratitude to David J. Mattingly, whose guidance, ongoing encouragement and never-ending patience have been invaluable in these years.
Niccol Mugnai, Julia Nikolaus, Nick Ray
Leicester and Oxford, November 2016
PRELIMINARIES CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVES
INTRODUCING DE AFRICA ROMAQUE
Julia Nikolaus and Niccol Mugnai
When the Roman Empire progressively expanded its influence over the North African continent, it encountered a very heterogeneous mix of peoples with a long and diverse history. The number of different groups was vast, as exemplified by Pliny who lists 516 peoples, or Strabo who mentions 300 poleis in the region of Carthage alone. surprisingly little research has been carried out on the survival, changes, adaptations, and negotiations of local cultures during the Roman period.
The conference De Africa Romaque: Merging Cultures Across North Africa (Leicester, 2013) was born out of this realization that the mutual relationships between North African societies and Rome have been generally understudied and misunderstood. The aim of the conference, and subsequently this volume, was to focus on the local peoples and their multiple cultural facets. The papers included here aim to explore the following questions: to what extent, and in what forms, did local traditions survive? How and why were they altered or revived under Roman rule? Is it possible to trace the role played by pre-Roman legacies in this long-term process? How did the impact of Rome suit local needs and vice-versa in terms of architecture, town planning, art, economy, and agriculture? Did the diverse regions of North Africa react differently to Roman imperial power?
This volume cannot answer all of these questions; instead, it is a collection of original and innovative contributions to the study of ancient North Africa, detailing the results of recent fieldwork (excavations and surveys), the study of archaeological and archival materials, and the re-analysis of written documents. Egypt is often excluded from publications about North Africa because it developed its own, very distinct, culture throughout its millenary history from the Dynastic to Graeco-Roman periods. However, one should keep in mind that this did not happen in isolation from the rest of the continent. For this reason, we have included papers that deal with Egypt, its inhabitants, and the wider relationship with Africa and Rome. The time-frame considered focuses mainly on the Roman era, but also includes three contributions on pre-Roman North Africa to demonstrate the impact and persistence of pre-Roman legacies in the following centuries.
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