ROUTLEDGE LIBRARY EDITIONS:
ARCHAEOLOGY
Volume 49
HUNTERS, FISHERS AND FARMERS
OF EASTERN EUROPE
HUNTERS, FISHERS AND FARMERS
OF EASTERN EUROPE
60003000 B.C.
RUTH TRINGHAM
First published in 1971
This edition first published in 2015
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1971 Ruth Tringham
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eISBN: 978-1-315-75194-8 (Set)
ISBN: 978-1-138-81525-4 (Volume 49)
eISBN: 978-1-315-74681-4 (Volume 49)
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First published 1971
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Ruth Tringham 1971
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ISBN 0 09 108790 2 (cased)
0 09 108791 0 (paper)
TO
my three mentors
and the memory of V . Gordon Childe
CONTENTS
Acta Arch. et Ant. Acta Archaeologica et Antiqua (Szeged)
Acta Arch. Carp. Acta Archaeologica Carpatica (Krakow)
Acta Arch. Hung. Acta Archaeologica Hungarica (Budapest)
AJA American Journal of Archaeology (Princeton)
A Mora F. Muz. Evk. A Mora F. Muzeum Evknyve (Szeged)
Arch. Aust. Archaeologica Austriaca (Vienna)
Arch. Ert. Archaeologiai rtesit (Budapest)
Arch. Iug. Archaeologica Iugoslavica (Belgrade)
Arch. Mold. Archeologia Moldoviei (Iai)
Arch. Polski Archeologia Polski (WarsawWroclaw)
Arch. Rozh. Archeologick Rozhledy (Prague)
Arh. Rad. i Raspr. Arheoloki Radove i Rasprave (Zagreb)
Arh. Vestnik Arheoloki Vestnik (Ljubliana)
Ausgr. u. Funde Ausgrabungen und Funde (E. Berlin)
BASPR Bulletin of the American School of Prehistoric Research
Ber. R.G.K. Bericht der Rmisch-Germanisch Kommission (W. Berlin)
Dolg. Dolgozatok a M.Kir.Horthy M.tudomnyegyetem rgisgtudo-mnyi intzetbl (Szeged)
Glasnik Z.M. Sar. Glasnik Zemaljskog Muzeja (Sarajevo)
God. Nar. Arkh. Muz. Goditnik na Narodniya Arkheologieski Muzej (Plovdiv)
God. Nar. Bibl. i Muz. Goditnik na Narodnata Biblioteka i Muzej (Plovdiv)
IAD Izvestia na Arkheologieskoto Druestvo (Sofia)
IAI Izvestia na Arkheologieski Institut (Sofia)
IPEK Jahrbch fur Prhistorische und Ethnographische Kunst
JRAI The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute (London)
KSIA Kratkiye Soobeniya Instituta Arkheologii AN SSSR (MoscowLeningrad)
KSIIMK Kratkiye Soobeniya Instituta Istorii Materialnoi Kulturi (Moscow)
MAGW Mitteilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien (Vienna)
Materiale Materiale i cercetri arheologice (Bucharest)
Mat. Arch. Materialy archeologiczne (Krakow)
MIA Materialy i Issledovaniya po Arkheologii SSSR. (MoscowLeningrad)
MIA YuZSSSR & RNR Materialy i Issledovaniya po Arkheologii Yugo-zapada SSSR i Rumunskoi Narodnoi Republiki (Kisinev)
Pam. Arch. Pamtky Archeologick (Prague)
PPS Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society (Cambridge)
Prhist. Zeitschr. Prhistorische Zeitschrift (W. Berlin)
Rc. Radiocarbon
SA Sovtskaya Arkheologiya (Moscow-Leningrad)
Sbornik N.M. Sbornik Narodniho Muzeja (Prague)
SCIV Studii i Cercetri de Istorie Veche (Bucharest)
Slov. Arch. Slovensk Archeolgia (BratislavaNitra)
Spraw. Arch. Sprawozdania Archeologiczne (WroclawKrakow)
Stud. i Mat. Neol. Malopolski Studiow i Materialow do Badan nad Neoliticzne Malopolsky (Krakow)
tud. Zvesti tudijn Zvesti (Nitra)
Wiad. Arch. Wiadomoci Archeologiczne (Warsaw)
WPZ Wiener Prhistorische Zeitschrift (Vienna)
Zeitschr. fr Arch. Zeitschrift fr Archologie (E. Berlin)
Much of the literature referred to in this book has been written in the Slavonic group of the Indo-European languages. The oldest of these languages were written in the Cyrillic script, and many (Russian, Bulgarian, Ukrainian, Serbian) still are. For the purposes of this book, however, they have been transliterated into the Latin script, as in modern Czech, Polish and Croatian. Some of the accents, etc., involved in this transliteration are explained below; in addition some of the special characteristics of the pronunciation of Rumanian, a Romance language, and Hungarian, a language belonging to an entirely different family (Finno-Ugrian), are noted.
In this book I have chosen to discuss a series of subjects and problems which most interest me, rather than write a systematic description of prehistoric cultural development of east-central Europe and the Danube basin from c. 60003000 B.C. A prehistory of this part of Europe is badly needed both for students and researchers, because the last one to be attempted, Gordon Childes Danube in Prehistory (1929), is now out of date. The chronological framework of the prehistoric cultures of this area and period has been set out in numerous studies, more recently with reference to radiocarbon dating evidence.1* The interpretation of some of the relevant evidence and its partial description does occur as part of Childes