A. M. Ammar - A Demographic Study of an Egyptian Province (Sharquiya)

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A DEMOGRAPHIC STUDY OF AN EGYPTIAN PROVINCE (SHARQIYA)

LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS MONOGRAPHS ON SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY

Managing Editor: Charles Stafford

The Monographs on Social Anthropology were established in 1940 and aim to publish results of modem anthropological research of primary interest to specialists.

The continuation of the series was made possible by a grant in aid from the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research, and more recently by a further grant from the Governors of the London School of Economics and Political Science. Income from sales is returned to a revolving fund to assist further publications.

The Monographs are under the direction of an Editorial Board associated with the Department of Anthropology of the London School of Economics and Political Science.

A DEMOGRAPHIC STUDY OF AN EGYPTIAN PROVINCE (SHARQIYA)

ABBAS M. AMMAR

LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS MONOGRAPHS ON SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY

Volume 8

Previously published in 1942 by

Published in 2004 by Berg

The London School of Economics and Political Science London, UK

Published 2021 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright 1943 by Taylor & Francis

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

ISBN 13: 978-1-84520-014-5 (hbk)

To
The Fallaheen of Sharqiya.

PREFACE.

Sharqiya, on the east side of the Belts, is an extensive province of about 1,280,399 feddans, out of which 708,857 feddans are uncultivated areas: waste land (Barari) in the north and sandy desert in the east. Most of the arable land (571,542 feddans), however, yields more than one crop a year (two and in certain areas three), and therefore the total area under various crops - according to the latest agricultural census, 1927 - is 953,867 feddans. Agriculture in Sharqiya depends entirely on irrigation and - with the exception of very limited areas on the edge of the desert dependent on wells - the Nile is the source of the water supply.

One feddan = 1.03805 acre.

The north-east of the province has poor soils which need, reclamation. The south-west, with better soils and more adequate irrigation, is on the whole in better condition. The main crops are cereals (i.e. wheat, maize, rice, barley and millet) and cotton, but there is now a spreading tendency to cultivate more fruit trees especially in the eastern sandy parts of the province. The palm tree is a common feature of every village and every field, but, so far, does not play any significant part in the economics of rural Sharqiya.

The means of land utilisation are primitive, and - except on large estates-modern techniques and scientific methods are completely absent. The life of the people is simple, their needs are limited and the standard of living is low. The factors responsible for the difficult conditions of life may be traced to the poverty of the vast majority of the population. Small holdings of less than one feddan are characteristic of Sharqiya, but most of the land is owned by the Government, the nobles and the landlords with extensive estates all over the province.

The real problem Is a population one. The trend has been rising rapidly since the beginning of the last century without an equivalent increase in individual incomes. Agricultural labourers are poorly paid and no legislation has yet been considered to defend them against their masters and to fix limits for minimum wages and maximum working hours.

The province is divided administratively into six districtsa(Maikaz): Belbeis, Faqus, Hibya, Kafr Saqr, Mini eh El-Qamh and Zagazig M. (See

M. represents Markaz and B, Bandar (Town) in subsequent discussion.

After field study in Sinai peninsula 1933-4, the writer began to compare data gathered there with data for Sharqiya. This part of the country is of special interest. Not only has it an extremely complex mixture of population but also different types of conmunities live side by side in certain districts.

Conditions thus vary considerably and a survey was made in 1939 partly as a guide to policy of social reconstruction in this particular community. It is essential to notice that the overwhelming majority of the people of Sharqiya are, directly or indirectly, dependent on the land and the survey necessarily emphasises rural life in which the masses are absorbed.

The object of the socio-economic study of Sharqiya was to obtain precise first-hand data about the living conditions of its people, to investigate the causes of the different problems and the effect of such problems on the life of the local community, and finally to follow as far as possible the social changes which are proceeding simultaneously and their reaction upon one another. The empirical data of the survey have already been published in "The Sociological Review" (Vol.XXXII).

The present monograph is a detailed analysis of the main demographic features of the province, the study of which is essential for the true understanding of the socio-economic problems of rural Egypt. So far no such study has been made and therefore it was impossible to compare the situation in Sharqiya with that in any other Egyptian province. However, it is hoped that the present study may stimulate other workers in the same field and that it will not be long before a complete demographic study of all Egypt will be available.

The writer takes the opportunity to acknowledge his indebtedness to Fouad 1st University, Cairo, for financial help, to all members of the Departments of Geography in Cairo and Manchester Universities for inspiring suggestions on all aspects of the work, to Mr. A.M. Carr-Saunders, Director of the London School of Boanomios and Political Science, and Dr. Raymond Firth for reading the manuscript and to the editorial board of "The Sociological Review" for permission to include in the present monograph tables (XXVIII, XXIX and XXXIIXXXV.), which were published in the Review. His thanks are particularly due to Professor H. J. Fleure for kind encouragement and continuous assistance throughout all stages of his researches.

September, 1941.

A. AMMAR.

CONTENTS PAGES

DEMOGRAPHIC STUDY OF SHARQIYA

1. II. ANALYSIS OF THE MAIN DEMOGRAPHIC FEATURES
   1. Growth of population
   2. Crude birth and death rates
   3. Distribution of sex proportions
   4. Distribution of population by age
   5. The household
   6. Marital conditions
   7. Family size
   8. The household in relation to economic conditions
2. III. STUDY OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION
   1. Density of population
   2. Future distribution of the density of population in relation to the economic development of the province

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