Christopher M. Law - The Uncertain Future of the Urban Core

Volume 16

CHRISTOPHER M. LAW

in association with

E.K. GRIME, C.J. GRUNDY, M.L. SENIOR AND J.N. TUPPEN

First published in 1988 by Routledge

This edition first published in 2018

by Routledge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

and by Routledge

711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

1988 Christopher M. Law

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-1-138-89482-2 (Set)

ISBN: 978-1-315-09987-3 (Set) (ebk)

ISBN: 978-1-138-05102-7 (Volume 16) (hbk)

ISBN: 978-1-315-10529-1 (Volume 16) (ebk)

Publishers Note

The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent.

Disclaimer

The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and would welcome correspondence from those they have been unable to trace.

Christopher M. Law in association with

E.K. Grime, C.J. Grundy,

M.L. Senior and J.N. Tuppen.

ROUTLEDGE

London and New York

For Councillor Peter Scott

Population and employment changes in the United Kingdom

Population and civilian employment changes in the United States

Urban and rural population change in England and Wales 196181

United States population change by urban size

Metropolitan population and employment change in Britain by urban zone, 195171

Contemporary changes in population and economic growth

Population change in metropolitan cores

Population change in United States central cities

Population change by zones in Greater Hamburg

Recent population change in Baltimore and Pittsburgh

United States metropolitan population by race 195070

United States central city per cent population change 197080

The social characteristics of the Birmingham, Glasgow and Manchester areas, 1981

Public housing in Birmingham, Glasgow and Manchester, 1981

Percentage distribution of the employed population in the United States by occupational group

Central city employment change in 12 United States cities, 194877

British metropolitan employment change, 195276

Employment change in metropolitan cores

Baltimore: private sector employment in the central city, 196282

Manchester: employment in the core

City centre employment change

Manufacturing employment change in the core

Service employment change in the core

Car ownership changes

Females as a percentage of the labour force

Percentage changes in sales in United States in metropolitan areas, 195467

The distribution of floorspace between central and non-central sites in major office markets in the United States, 1985

Changes in the availability of office floorspace for letting, 19814

The size and growth of office floorspace in major provincial cities in France

Increase in commercial office floorspace in British urban centres, 197482

Changes in commercial office floorspace in Manchester, Birmingham and Glasgow

Increase in office floorspace in Lyon and Lille

National car ownership trends: cars per 1,000

National car ownership trends: percentage of households by car ownership category

Trends in car ownership for metropolitan areas (and central cities)

Capital investment in urban public transport infrastructure

Passenger journeys by bus and tram (in millions)

Passenger-kilometres by bus and tram (in millions)

The supply of bus and tram services

Passenger journeys by rail (in millions)

Passenger-kilometres by rail (in millions)

The supply of rail services

Public transport revenue as a percentage of operating costs

Land use intensity and distance from the city centre

The concentric and concentric-radial city

Land rent gradients and fonctions in the city (after Alonso 1964)

Changing population densities in the North American city (after K. Fairbairn, in Davies and Rogers 1984)

The evolution of the suburban economy (after Erickson and Gentry 1985)

The evolving spatial structure of the metropolis (after Muller 1981)

Contemporary land values in the city (after Goodchild and Munton 1985)

Model of suburbanisation process (after Friedrichs 1982)

Greater Baltimore

Baltimore city centre

The Inner Harbor, Baltimore

Greater Pittsburgh

The Birmingham region

The Glasgow region

Greater Manchester

The Lille region

The Lyon region

Greater Hamburg

National trends in public transport patronage in the United States (adapted from Gray and Hoel 1979)

Trends in public transport patronage in Frankfurt and Lyon (partially adapted from Yago, 1984)

First published in 1988 by

Routledge

a division of Routledge, Chapman and Hall

11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE

Published in the USA by

Routledge

a division of Routledge, Chapman and Hall, Inc.

29 West 35th Street, New York NY 10001

1988 Christhoper M. Law

Printed in Great Britain

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

The uncertain future of the urban core.

(Croom Helm series in geography and environment.)

1. Cities and towns 2. Sociology, Urban

I. Law, Christopher M. II. Grime, Keith

III. Series

909.09732 HT151

ISBN 0415004640

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

ISBN 0415004640

The last twenty years have witnessed considerable political and academic interest in the problems of the inner city. The term inner city is frequently used in a vague way. Sometimes it refers to the areas of poverty which often surround the city centre. Because poverty is a problem, and one which infects the community, it is, therefore, inferred that there is an inner city problem. However, in other contexts the term may refer to the whole of the older part of the city, including the city centre and affluent districts as well as the poorer ones. The focus of this book is the older part of the city which we refer to as the core. All towns and cities have such a core but our interest in particular is the large city or metropolis which has more than one million people. There is nothing magical in the figure of one million, but we believe that the forces causing decline, discussed below and in Chapter 1, are significantly greater in large cities and, therefore, it is of more interest to focus on them. We are interested in this core area because it is subject to great forces of change, whether the area is rich or poor, successful or failing. Emphatically our interest is in the core as a whole and not solely in the poor areas within the core, as is the case with many inner city studies.