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ROUTLEDGE LIBRARY EDITIONS:
HISTORY OF CHINA

---

Volume 1

BRITISH ADMIRALS AND
CHINESE PIRATES,
18321869

---

BRITISH ADMIRALS AND
CHINESE PIRATES,
18321869

GRACE FOX

First published in 1940 by Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., Ltd.

This edition first published in 2019

by Routledge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

and by Routledge

711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

1940 Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., Ltd.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-1-138-48273-9 (Set)

ISBN: 978-0-429-45536-0 (Set) (ebk)

ISBN: 978-1-138-54457-4 (Volume 1) (hbk)

ISBN: 978-0-429-46408-9 (Volume 1) (ebk)

Publishers Note

The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent.

Disclaimer

The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and would welcome correspondence from those they have been unable to trace.

Grace Fox

BRITISH ADMIRALS

and

CHINESE PIRATES
18321869

Illustrated

LONDON

KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO., LTD.

BROADWAY HOUSE: 6874 CARTER LANE, E. C.

To My Mother

FLORENCE EYSTER WEAVER FOX

DESTRUCTION OF PIRATES FLEET NEAR HAINAN, 1849
The Chater Collection, by James Orange

CONTENTS

1. A PPENDICES

1. vii
2. viii
3. xi
4. xii
5. xvii

First published 1940

PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY
STEPHEN AUSTIN AND SONS, LTD., HERTFORD.

ILLUSTRATIONS

Destruction of Pirates Fleet near Hainan

ABBREVIATIONS IN FOOTNOTES

Ad.	= Admiralty manuscript in the Public Record Office
Ad.R.O.	= Manuscript in the Admiralty Record Office
Adm.	= The Admiralty Board
Ch.Rep.	= Chinese Repository
C.O.	= Colonial Office
F.O.	= Foreign Office
G.D.22	= The Russell Papers, filed among the Gifts and Deposits in the Public Record Office and numbered 22
H.of C.	= House of Commons
H.of L.	= House of Lords
J.M.	= Jardine Matheson Archive, in the University Library, Cambridge
P.P.	= Parliamentary Papers
P.R.O.	= Public Record Office
W.O.	= War Office
W.P.	= Judicial and Statutory Definitions of Words and Phrases.

This study of the suppression of piracy in China grew out of a general interest in the influence of the Admiralty on the development of British foreign policy in the nineteenth century. An examination of the Admiralty manuscript records made it clear that such an interest could be satisfied only through an investigation of naval policy regarding specific problems at definite periods. The records of the Secretarys Department (the Department of the Permanent Secretary of the Admiralty) cover the affairs over which the Lords of the Admiralty have had direct cognizance. Here the types of record keeping changed often in the course of centuries. As there are no minutes of the Board of Admiralty after 1802, it becomes necessary to seek both the genesis and synthesis of recent naval policy in the vast number of departmental and station letters which passed through the hands of the Lords Commissioners and in their private correspondence.

A reading of the Admiralty correspondence with the other Departments of Government and with the home and foreign stations, for even one year in the nineteenth century, discloses a multitude of different naval policies designed to meet local needs and having little connection with each other. The private papers of the First Lords add little supplementary material. As few of their letters have been preserved and still less have been published, it is not possible to view general naval policy in the making nor to determine the unofficial pressures which influenced the members of the Board in most administrations. The approach, therefore, to an under-standing of the political influence of the British Navy must be through the separate histories of the different stations.

The China Station offered unique attractions. Its recent beginningsas late as 1834made possible a view of its development from its earliest inception. And the great distance between London and the Far East thrust unusual and interesting responsibilities on the shoulders of British naval officers in the China seas for the determination of Anglo-Chinese policy in the days before telegrams and cables. This fact, however, made the work of the Navy so complicated that again it is studied better in parts.

The suppression of piracy represents only one of the adventurous undertakings of the Queens ships in the China seas during the first period of the China Station, 18341869. Considered by itself the task appears simple. It was, of course, a mere detail among the responsibilities of the Royal Navy as a whole. But in connection with the numerous activities required in building a commercial and naval frontier, the task is worthy of notice. It must, nevertheless, be viewed against the background of Englands entire naval organization as well as the particular developments of the China Station. The first three chapters of this book represent an attempt to give such a perspectivean unusually long introduction, it is true, but I believe it necessary to an understanding of this and future considerations of the British Navy in the Far East.

This study presents only the English point of view, backed occasionally by American comments on the piracy problem in China. The limitations of such material are obvious. Nineteenth century imperialists left many questions unanswered. They tell little of the pirates as individuals or of the Chinese concept of the problem. In the following pages the men who made British naval policy in the early days of the Far Eastern Station merely speak for themselves. They tell of their efforts to deal with a local question in Chinese waters as one of their many undertakings during a period when the British Navy was in the process of complete reorganization.

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