Muhammad Kamran - Fundamentals of Smart Grid Systems

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To my parents Muhammad Ramzan (Late) and Naziran BiBi, my brother Muhammad Imran, and my sisters for their support and love.

To my beloved wife Badar Un Nisa and my son M. Sarim Kamran for their inspiration, support, and love.

Conventional grids throughout the world are being changed by the inventions of various technologies. With the increased maturity of renewable energy technologies, the distributed generation concept has evolved as a readily available source of energy for the areas where the sources are abundantly available. These distributed generation technologies need to be integrated into the existing grid. To record the transactions of electricity between these microgrids and the main grid, a communication network and an advanced metering infrastructure are required. These concepts are merged in the smart grid.

The smart grid is not a limited field that confines itself to limited concepts. It is a vast field integrating smart metering, communication technologies, renewable energy sources, power grids, forecasting techniques, power electronics, thermodynamics, electric vehicles, and energy storage systems. The smart grid will support the improvement of energy efficiency and the utilization of renewable energy sources. The energy management system integrated into the smart grid will optimize energy sources and harnessing techniques. This book gives an insight into all the above-stated fields of the smart grid with its associated key features. It also describes the key enabling technologies and thus permits the reader to engage with the immediate development of the power system and take part in the debate over the future of the smart grid.

concludes by discussing the current global status of the smart grid. The technical contents of the book include specialized topics that will appeal to engineers from various disciplines looking to enhance their knowledge of technologies that are making an increasing contribution to the realization of the smart grid.

Muhammad Kamran, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan

I would like to acknowledge my colleagues and individuals without whom this project would not have succeeded. Particular thanks are due to Mr. Muhammad Arshad Rasheed (Research Associate, Department of Electrical Engineering and Technology, Riphah International University, Faisalabad Campus, Pakistan), who helped me in the simulation of a grid-connected solar PV system in the microgrid. I would also like to acknowledge Muhammad Zunair Zamir (Lecturer, Department of Electrical Engineering and Technology, Riphah International University, Faisalabad Campus, Pakistan) for reviewing some of the chapters of this book.

AC alternating current

ACSR aluminum conductor steel reinforced

AE autoencoder

AMI advanced metering infrastructure

ANSI American National Standards Institute

ARIMA autoregressive integrated moving average

ARMA autoregressive moving average

BAN building area network

BB-PLC broadband-programmable logic controller

BEV battery electric vehicle

BDC bottom dead center

BNN Bayesian neural network

BoS balance of system

BPNN back-propagation neural network

CAE convolutional autoencoder

CAES compressed air energy storage

CB circuit breaker

CE Coulomb efficiency

CF capacity factor

CGT combustion gas turbine

CHP combined heat and power

CNN convolutional neural network

COE cost of energy

DC direct current

DES data encryption standard

DFIG doubly fed induction generator

DG distributed generation

DIAC diode for alternating current

DMFC direct methanol fuel cell

DNN deep neural network

DOD depth of discharge

DoS denial of the service

DR demand response

EM energy management system

EMF electromotive force

ESS energy storage system

EV electric vehicle

FC flying capacitor

FC fuel cell

FCEV fuel cell electric vehicle

FES flywheel energy storage

FFNN feedforward neural network

FiT feed-in tariff

FLC fuzzy logic control

FL fuzzy logic

GHG greenhouse gas

GPRS general packet for radio service

GSM global system for mobile communication

GTO gate turn-off

HAN home area network

HAWT horizontal axis wind turbine

HEMS home energy management system

HES hybrid energy system(s)

HEV hybrid electric vehicle

HOMER hybrid optimization model for electric renewables

HRSG heat recovery steam generator

IAN industry area network

ICE internal combustion engine

ICT information and communication technologies

IEA International Energy Agency

IEC International Electrotechnical Commission

IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

IG induction generator