ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
My deep appreciation goes to many contemporary scientists and researchers who gave their valuable time to explain and check the data of this book. In particular I wish to express my thanks to Dr. Howard A. Meyerhoff, emeritus professor of geology, University of Pennsylvania, who read through the book and offered invaluable suggestions and ideas.
I also wish to thank Dr. Robert Decker of Dartmouth College; Dr. Dallas L. Peck; Dr. Robert L. Smith; Dr. Jerry Eaton; Dr. Harold E. Thomas; Dr. William Thurston; Dr. Henry W. Coulter; Medford T. Thompson; Horace G. Thomasson; William E. Davies; Roy A. Bailey; Margaret Mahey; Wilbur Dooley; and Richard Kenahall of the U.S. Geological Survey, Department of the Interior; Dr. Mario Martinelli, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experimental Station; Herbert C. Story and Nolan ONeal of the U.S. Forest Service, Department of Agriculture; and Mark Spaeth, Leonard Murphy, James F. Lander, Carl A. Van Hake, Carl Posey and Raymond Wilcove of the Environmental Sciences Services Administration (ESSA), Department of Commerce. Herbert Lieb of ESSA in particular has been of much assistance.
I am especially indebted to Frank H. Forrester, head of the U.S. Geological Survey information division, for encouraging this book, and to his staff for their constant support. Also to Marjorie Hooker goes my lasting appreciation for her helpful assistance; and to Fred W. Kittler, Capt. USN ret. for reading sections of the book.
To the constantly considerate aid of many librarians goes my admiration and thanks, in particular to William H. Heers and his staff at the U.S. Geological Survey Library; to Margit Friedrich of Science Service Library and her staff; and to Marjorie A. Clark at the U.S. Weather Bureau Library.
My most heartfelt thanks go to Eloise Morgan and to my family, Harold, Christopher, Karen, and Steven, for giving me time for volcanoes and other natural disasters.
I also wish to thank the following publishers and authors for permission to quote from books and articles:
Dutton, Clarence, The Charleston Earthquake of August 31, 1886, U.S. Geological Survey, 9th Annual Report 18871888, pp. 265266.
Earthquake Information Bulletin, of the National Earthquake Information Center, June 1, 1967, No. 4, p. 6.
Fraser, Colin, The Avalanche Enigma (Chicago: Rand McNally and Co., 1966) (London: John Murray Ltd.).
Furneaux, Rupert, Krakatoa (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1964).
Halm, Joe B., The Great Fire of 1910, American Forests and Forest Life , July, 1930, pp. 424428.
Nesbitt, Paul H.; Pond, Alonzo W.; and Allen, William H., The Survival Book (Princeton, N.J.: D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., 1959).
Niddrie, David L., When the Earth Shook (New York: Devin-Adair Co., 1962).
OConnor, Richard, Johnstown; The Day the Dam Broke (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1957).
U.S. Department of the Navy, Natural Disasters, NAVDOCKS P-38 (Washington, D.C.: Naval Facilities Engineering Command, 1963).
Wood, Harry O., Earthquake Investigation in the Field, Bulletin of the National Research Council, 1933, No. 90.
With all the guidance, encouragement, corrections, and suggestions from the few named and hundreds of unnamed people, the author assumes full responsibilities for any discrepancies of fact or interpretation that may appear.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
General Works
The following works are a few references relevant to all chapters:
Bixby, William. Havoc: The Story of Natural Disasters . New York: Longmans, Green & Co., 1961.
Lane, Frank W. The Elements Rage . Philadelphia: Chilton Books, 1965. This volume contains an excellent bibliography.
Leet, Lewis Don. Causes of Catastrophe: earthquakes , volcanoes , tidal waves and hurricanes. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1948.
Sutton, Ann and Myron. Nature on the Rampage: A Natural History of the Elements . Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1962.
Earthquakes: Chapter I
Gutenberg, Beno and Richter, C. F. Seismicity of the Earth and Associated Phenomena. (reprint) New York: Hafner Publishing Co., 1966. This volume contains an excellent bibliography.
Heck, Nicholas Hunter. Earthquakes. (reprint) New York: Hafner Publishing Co., 1965.
Hodgson, John H. Earthquakes and Earth Structure . Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1964.
Leet, Lewis Don and Florence. Earthquakes Discoveries in Seismology . New York: Dell Publishing Co., Inc., 1964.
Volcanoes: Chapter II
Bullard, Fred Mason. Volcanoes: In History, in Theory, in Eruption . Austin: University of Texas Press, 1962. This volume contains an excellent bibliography.
Rittman, Alfred. Volcanoes and Their Activity . Translated from the second German edition by E. A. Vincent. New York: Interscience Publishers, 1962.
Roberts, Elliott B. Volcanoes and Earthquakes . New York: Pyramid Publishing Co., 1967.
Tsunamis: Chapter III
Coast and Geodetic Survey, U.S. Department of Commerce. Tsunami! The Story of the Seismic Sea-Wave Warning System . Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1965.
Mineral Information Service. The Biggest Splash in History: Giant Wave in Lituya Bay . San Francisco: Division of Mines and Geology, State of California.
Avalanches: Chapter IV
Fraser, Colin. The Avalanche Enigma. Chicago: Rand McNally and Co., 1966. This volume contains an excellent bibliography.
International Symposium on Scientific Aspects of Snow and Ice Avalanches. Publication No . of International Association of Scientific Hydrology, Davos, Switzerland, April, 1965, Gentbrugge, Belgium, 1966.
Quervain, M. R., de. Avalanche Classification. Toronto: International Association of Scientific Hydrology, 1957. Vol. 4; pp. 387 92.
U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service. Snow Avalanches: A Handbook of Forecasting and Control Measures . Agriculture Handbook No. 194. Washington, D.C.: Jan. 1961.
Landslides: Chapter V
Highway Research Board. Landslides and Engineering Practice . Special Report 29. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, 1958.
Sharpe, C. F. Stewart. Landslides and Related Phenomena: A Study of Mass Movements of Soil and Rock . New Jersey: Pageant Books, Inc., 1960.
Floods: Chapter VI
Bardach, John. Downstream: A Natural History of the River . New York: Harper and Row, 1964.
Hoyt, William G., and Langbein, Walter B. Floods . Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1955. This volume contains an excellent bibliography.
Leopold, Luna B.; Davis, Kenneth S., and editors of Life . Water . Life Science Library. New York: Time Incorporated, 1966. This volume contains an excellent bibliography.
Droughts: Chapter VII
Leopold, A. Starker, and the editors of Life. The Desert . Life Nature Library. New York: Time Incorporated, 1962. This volume contains an excellent bibliography.
Tannehill, Ivan Ray. Drought: Its Causes and Effects. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1947.
Fires: Chapter VIII
Davis, Kenneth P. Forest Fire: Control and Use . New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1959. This volume contains an excellent bibliography.
Forest Service, U.S. Air Attack on Forest Fires. Agricultural Information Bulletin 229. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1960.
Guthrie, John D., Great Forest Fires of America . Washington, D.C.: Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.