Gary T. Henry - Practical Sampling

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PRACTICAL SAMPLING

Applied Social Research Methods Series
Volume 21

APPLIED SOCIAL RESEARCH METHODS SERIES

Series Editors

LEONARD BICKMAN, Peabody College, Vanderbilt University, Nashville
DEBRA J. ROG, Vanderbilt University, Washington, DC

1. SURVEY RESEARCH METHODS (Second Edition)
   by FLOYD J. FOWLER, Jr.
2. SYNTHESIZING RESERACH (Third Edition)
   by HARRIS M. COOPER
3. METHODS FOR POLICY RESEARCH
   by ANN MAJCHRZAK
4. SECONDARY RESEARCH (Second Edition)
   by DAVID W. STEWART
5. CASE STUDY RESEARCH (Second Edition)
   by ROBERT K. YIN
6. META-ANALYTIC PROCEDURES FOR SOCIAL RESEARCH (Revised Edition)
   by ROBERT ROSENTHAL
7. TELEPHONE SURVEY METHODS (Second Edition)
   by PAUL J. LAVRAKAS
8. DIAGNOSING ORGANIZATIONS (Second Edition)
   by MICHAEL I. HARRISON
9. GROUP TECHNIQUES FOR IDEA BUILDING (Second Edition)
   by CARL M. MOORE
10. NEED ANALYSIS
    by JACK McKILLIP
11. LINKING AUDITING AND METAEVALUATION
    by THOMAS A. SCHWANDT and EDWARD S. HALPERN
12. ETHICS AND VALUES IN APPLIED SOCIAL RESEARCH
    by ALLAN J. KIMMEL
13. ON TIME AND METHOD
    by JANICE R. KELLY and JOSEPH E. McGRATH
14. RESEARCH IN HEALTH CARE SETTINGS
    by KATHLEEN E. GRADY and BARBARA STRUDLER WALLSTON
15. PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION
    by DANNY L. JORGENSEN
16. INTERPRETIVE INTERACTIONISM
    by NORMAN K. DENZIN
17. ETHNOGRAPHY (Second Edition)
    by DAVID M. FETTERMAN
18. STANDARDIZED SURVEY INTERVIEWING
    by FLOYD J. FOWLER, Jr. and THOMAS W. MANGIONE
19. PRODUCTIVITY MEASUREMENT
    by ROBERT O. BRINKERHOFF and DENNIS E. DRESSLER
20. FOCUS GROUPS
    by DAVID W. STEWART and PREM N. SHAMDASANI
21. PRACTICAL SAMPLING
    by GARY T. HENRY
22. DECISION RESEARCH
    by JOHN S. CARROLL and ERIC J. JOHNSON
23. RESEARCH WITH HISPANIC POPULATIONS
    by GERARDO MARIN and BARBARA VANOSS MARIN
24. INTERNAL EVALUATION
    by ARNOLD J. LOVE
25. COMPUTER SIMULATION APPLICATIONS
    by MARCIA LYNN WHICKER and LEE SIGELMAN
26. SCALE DEVELOPMENT
    by ROBERT F. DeVELLIS
27. STUDYING FAMILIES
    by ANNE P. COPELAND and KATHLEEN M. WHITE
28. EVENT HISTORY ANALYSIS
    by KAZUO YAMAGUCHI
29. RESEARCH IN EDUCATIONAL SETTINGS
    by GEOFFREY MARUYAMA and STANLEY DENO
30. RESEARCHING PERSONS WITH MENTAL ILLNESS
    by ROSALIND J. DWORKIN
31. PLANNING ETHICALLY RESPONSIBLE RESEARCH
    by JOAN E. SIEBER
32. APPLIED RESEARCH DESIGN
    by TERRY E. HEDRICK, and DEBRA J. ROG
33. DOING URBAN RESEARCH
    by GREGORY D. ANDRANOVICH and GERRY RIPOSA
34. APPLICATIONS OF CASE STUDY RESEARCH
    by ROBERT K. YIN
35. INTRODUCTION TO FACET THEORY
    by SAMUEL SHYE and DOV ELIZUR with MICHAEL HOFFMAN
36. GRAPHING DATA
    by GART T. HENRY
37. RESEARCH METHODS IN SPECIAL EDUCATION
    by DONNA M. MERTENS and JOHN A. McLAUGHLIN
38. IMPROVING SURVEY QUESTIONS
    by FLOYD J. FOWLER, Jr.
39. DATA COLLECTION AND MANAGEMENT
    by MAGDA STOUTHAMER-LOEBER and WELMOET BOK VAN KAMMEN
40. MAIL SURVEYS
    by THOMAS W. MANGIONE
41. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN
    by JOSEPH A. MAXWELL
42. ANALYZING COSTS, PROCEDURES PROCESSES, AND OUTCOMES IN HUMAN SERVICES
    by BRIAN T. YATES
43. DOING LEGAL RESEARCH
    by ROBERT A. MORRIS, BRUCE D. SALES, and DANIEL W. SHUMAN
44. RANDOMIZED EXPERIMENTS FOR PLANNING AND EVALUATION
    by ROBERT F. BORUCH
45. MEASURING COMMUNITY INDICATORS
    by PAUL J. GRUENEWALD, ANDREW J. TRENO, GAIL TAFF, and MICHAEL KLITZNER

Other volumes in this series are listed on the series page

PRACTICAL SAMPLING

Gary T. Henry

Applied Social Research Methods Series
Volume 21

Copyright 1990 by Sage Publications, Inc.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.

For information address:

	SAGE Publications, Inc. 2455 Teller Road Newbury Park, California 91320 E-mail:
SAGE Publications Ltd. 6 Bonhill Street London EC2A 4PU United Kingdom
SAGE Publications India Pvt. Ltd. M-32 Market Greater Kailash I New Delhi 110 048 India

Printed in the United States of America

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Henry, Gary T.

Practical sampling / Gary T. Henry.

p. cm.(Applied social research methods series; v. 21)

Includes bibliographical references (p.

ISBN 0-8039-2958-7.ISBN 0-8039-2959-5 (pbk.)

1. Sampling (Statistics). 2. Social surveys. I. Title. II. Series.

HA31.2.H46 1990

300.72dc20

91-8240 CIP

05 06 07 08 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13

Sage Production Editor: Astrid Virding

Contents

Acknowledgments

Practical Sampling would not exist without the contributions and support of many individuals. Mary Stutzman, Seymour Sudman, and Greg Rest provided me with useful reviews. The series coeditors, Leonard Bickman and Debra Rog, were encouraging and diplomatically requiring. Kent Dickey and Virginia Hettinger gave the text, formulas, and calculations a painstaking review. Tim Hendrick and Pat Storino polished the graphics. Sue Mahan and Annie Kurtz took my diskettes and scribbled notes and gave me back clean, printed chapters. Kathy Reynolds never begrudged the weekends that I spent writing rather than repairing the failing porch, and Amy Wray, my daughter, never doubted that the book would be finished.

Introduction

Most data used in the social and policy sciences are collected from samples. Public opinion surveys, social experiments, and evaluations of educational innovations are examples of research where sampling is routinely used. In any research in which the findings are being extrapolated from the subjects or units under study to a larger study population, sampling is being utilized. Samples are so frequently utilized that counterexamplesstudies where the entire study population is involved, such as the decennial U.S. censusare relatively rare. Without relying on sampling as the basis for collecting evaluative data, the risk and cost involved with adopting new methods of teaching or social service delivery would be difficult to justify. Evaluating the effectiveness of new programs would be prohibitive.

The introduction and use of probability sampling techniques have stimulated the growth of empirical social and policy research in the later 20th century. Despite the importance of sampling, researchers in the social and policy sciences receive little practice with sampling and often seek guidance concerning practial sampling applications. Assumptions about sampling methods often underlie analytical techniques that the researchers wish to utilize. Researchers often need to insure that the assumptions are justified.

The sampling dilemma is simple. Time and cost prohibit a researcher from collecting data on the entire group or population that is of interest for a particular study. However, researchers and the consumers of research are usually interested in the population rather than a subset of the population. Extending the study findings from a subset of the population, or sample, to the entire population is critically important to overcome the dilemma between cost and time on the one hand and information needs on the other. Knowledge of basic sampling logic and methods is fundamental to ascertain if study findings reasonably apply to the population represented by the study participants or the survey respondents.

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