Shmuel Ahituv - The Origin of Early Israel-Current Debate

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BEER-SHEVA

Volume XII

BEN-GURION UNIVERSITY OF THE NEGEV

FACULTY OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

---

BEER-SHEVA

Studies by the Department of Bible and Ancient Near East

editor

Shmuel Ahituv

VOLUME XII

Published Jointly

with

Institute of Archaeology

Institute of Jewish Studies

University College, London

1998

The Origin of Early Israel
Current Debate

Biblical, Historical and Archaeological Perspectives

IRENE LEVI-SALA SEMINAR, 1997

Editors
Shmuel Ahituv and Eliezer D. Oren

First published 1998 by the Bialik Institute

Published 2016 by Routledge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

All Rights Reserved
Beer-Sheva, 1998

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notice:

Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe

ISSN 0334-2255

Typesetting: Posner & Sons Ltd, Jerusalem

Plates: Tafsar, Jerusalem

ISBN 13: 978-1-59874-391-3 (hbk)

Contents

Eliezer D. Oren

Israel Finkelstein

Keith W. Whitelam

K.A. Kitchen

Shmuel Ahituv

H.G.M. Williamson

Kay Prag

Piotr Bienkowski

Jonathan N. Tubb

Sinclair Hood

The following pages present the proceedings of the 1997 Irene Levi-Sala Seminar: The Origin of Early Israel Current Debate, both the keynote lectures by Professors I. Finkelstein, K. Kitchen and K. Whitelam, and the panel discussions by Professor S. Ahituv, Professor H. Williamson, Dr. K. Prag, Dr. J. Tubb, Dr. P. Bienkowski and Professor S. Hood, as well as the opening remarks of Professor E.D. Oren.

The seminar was sponsored by the Irene Levi-Sala Foundation and the Institutes of Archaeology and Jewish Studies of University College, London.

ADAJ	Annual of the Department of Antiquities, Jordan
ASAE	Annales du service des antiquites de lgypte
ASOR	American Schools of Oriental Research
BA	The Biblical Archaeologist
BAR	Biblical Archaeology Review
BASOR	Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
CBQ	Catholic Biblical Quarterly
IEJ	Israel Exploration Journal
JANES	Journal of the Ancient Near East Society
JAOS	Journal of the American Oriental Society
JARCE	Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt
JBL	Journal of Biblical Literature
JEA	Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
JESHO	Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient
JNES	Journal of Near Eastern Studies
JSOT	Journal for the Study of the Old Testament
NS	New Series
OT	Old Testament
PEQ	Palestine Exploration Quarterly
SHAJ	Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan
VT	Vetus Testamentum
ZS	Zeitschrift fr gyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde
ZAW	Zeitschrift fr alttestamentliche Wissenschaft

Eliezer D. Oren

Ben-Gurion University of the Negev

The Irene Levi-Sala Annual Research Seminar is dedicated to the memory of Dr. Irene Levi-Sala who passed away untimely on 20th February 1991. Dr. Levi-Sala pursued research in prehistoric archaeology at the Institute of Archaeology, University College, London. Her Ph.D dissertation entitled A Study of Microscopic Polish on Flint Implements was approved in 1989 by the University of London. The results of Dr. Salas research were published posthumously in the BAR International series. Irene was a true philanthropist and an enthusiastic supporter of many cultural causes in Britain and Israel, including exhibits in museums as well as field research and scholarly publication projects in archaeology, scholarships for students and other worthwhile enterprises. May her memory be blessed.

The Irene Levi-Sala Seminar usually takes place at Ben-Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel, with the active participation of students and scholars from universities and foreign institutions of archaeology in Israel. The 1997 seminar was organised instead at the University of London, in collaboration with the Institute of Archaeology and the Institute of Jewish Studies and focused on the subject: The Origin of Early Israel Current Debate: Biblical Historical and Archaeological Perspectives

The origin of ancient Israel, their settlement in the land of Canaan and transformation into an organised kingdom is one of the most stimulating and, at the same time, most controversial chapters in the history of early Israel. Accordingly, the emergence of Israel in Palestine has been described by the eminent scholar Roland de Vaux, in his Early History of Israel as the most difficult problem in the whole history of Israel. Such a controversial issue is, to my knowledge, unparallelled, except perhaps for that of the enigmatic genesis of the Greeks.

In fact, nearly after a century of intensive research on Israels origin scholars are still divided over literally every aspect of the subject, e.g. origin, Egyptian background, relationship with the Canaanite population and process of settlement. What is more, as far as the subject under debate is concerned, the gap between the two aspects of the same coin Bible and biblical archaeology, has actually grown wider in the past two decades. One may recall that the agenda of earlier excavations in Palestine was primarily to decode the Enigma, namely the nature of entry of the Israelites into Canaan. In fact, the very first archaeological enterprise in modern times, by Sir Flinders Petrie in 1890, was initiated with a clear biblical agenda, i.e. the excavation of biblical Lachish a Canaanite city that, according to the biblical account, was stormed by Joshuas army.

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