Robert H. Friis - Essentials of Environmental Health

Essentials of
Environmental Health

Second Edition

Robert H. Friis, PhD

Professor and Chair
Department of Health Science
California State University, Long Beach
Long Beach, California

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All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright may be reproduced or utilized in any form, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.

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Publisher: Michael Brown

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Cover, Section Opener, Chapter Opener, and Study Questions Image: Szabo Photography/ShutterStock, Inc.

Background Images: Petri dish Olivier Le Queinec/ShutterStock, Inc.; Crowd of people Veer; Biohazard symbol Richard C. Bennett/ShutterStock, Inc.; Poison symbol Yobidaba/ShutterStock, Inc.; Radioactive symbol WilleeCole/ShutterStock, Inc.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Friis, Robert H.

Essentials of environmental health / Robert H. Friis. 2nd ed.

p. ; cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN-13: 978-0-7637-7890-3 (pbk.)

ISBN-10: 0-7637-7890-7 (pbk.)

1. Environmental health. I. Title.

[DNLM: 1. Environmental Health. 2. Environmental Pollution. WA 30.5]

RA565.F75 2012

616.98dc22

2010027788

6048

Printed in the United States of America

14 13 12 11 10 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Dedication

To C.A.F.

Contents

The Essential Public Health Series

Log on to www.essentialpublichealth.com for the most current information on availability.

CURRENT AND FORTHCOMING TITLES IN THE ESSENTIAL PUBLIC HEALTH SERIES:

Public Health 101: Healthy PeopleHealthy PopulationsRichard Riegelman, MD, MPH, PhD

Epidemiology 101Robert H. Friis, PhD

Global Health 101, Second EditionRichard Skolnik, MPA

Case Studies in Global Health: Millions SavedRuth Levine, PhD & the What Works Working Group

Essentials of Public Health, Second EditionBernard J. Turnock, MD, MPH

Essential Case Studies in Public Health: Putting Public Health into PracticeKatherine Hunting, PhD, MPH & Brenda L. Gleason, MA, MPH

Essentials of Evidence-Based Public HealthRichard Riegelman, MD, MPH, PhD

Essentials of Infectious Disease EpidemiologyManya Magnus, PhD, MPH

Essential Readings in Infectious Disease EpidemiologyManya Magnus, PhD, MPH

Essentials of Biostatistics in Public Health, Second EditionLisa M. Sullivan, PhD (with Workbook: Statistical Computations Using Excel)

Essentials of Public Health Biology: A Guide for the Study of PathophysiologyConstance Urciolo Battle, MD

Essentials of Environmental Health, Second EditionRobert H. Friis, PhD

Essentials of Health, Culture, and DiversityMark Edberg, PhD

Essentials of Health Behavior: Social and Behavioral Theory in Public HealthMark Edberg, PhD

Essential Readings in Health Behavior: Theory and PracticeMark Edberg, PhD

Essentials of Health Policy and Law, Second EditionJoel B. Teitelbaum, JD, LLM & Sara E. Wilensky, JD, MPP

Essential Readings in Health Policy and Law, Second EditionJoel B. Teitelbaum, JD, LLM & Sara E. Wilensky, JD, MPP

Essentials of Health EconomicsDiane M. Dewar, PhD

Essentials of Global Community HealthJaime Gofin, MD, MPH & Rosa Gofin, MD, MPH

Essentials of Program Planning and EvaluationKaren McDonnell, PhD

Essentials of Public Health CommunicationClaudia Parvanta, PhD; David E. Nelson, MD, MPH; Sarah A. Parvanta, MPH; & Richard N. Harner, MD

Essentials of Public Health EthicsRuth Gaare Bernheim, JD, MPH & James F. Childress, PhD

Essentials of Management and Leadership in Public HealthRobert Burke, PhD & Leonard Friedman, PhD, MPH

Essentials of Public Health PreparednessRebecca Katz, PhD, MPH

ABOUT THE EDITOR:

Richard K. Riegelman, MD, MPH, PhD, is Professor of Epidemiology-Biostatistics, Medicine, and Health Policy, and Founding Dean of The George Washington University School of Public Health and Health Services in Washington, DC. He has taken a lead role in developing the Educated Citizen and Public Health initiative which has brought together arts and sciences and public health education associations to implement the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies recommendation that ...all undergraduates should have access to education in public health. Dr. Riegelman also led the development of George Washingtons undergraduate major and minor and currently teaches Public Health 101 and Epidemiology 101 to undergraduates.

Prologue

Dr. Robert Friis Essentials of Environmental Health was the first book in the Essential Public Health Series. In the 4 years since the first edition was published, the importance of environmental health has been brought to the worlds attention by crises and challenges ranging from oil spills to climate change, lead in toys, and pandemic influenza.

The second edition of Essentials of Environmental Health builds upon the first edition. It keeps up with the changes in environmental health to produce a state-of-the-art introductory text. The second edition provides a wide range of additions and updates including a new chapter on injuries, updates on pandemic flu, and coverage of recent environmental controversies, such as use of bisphenol A in plastics.

Dr. Friis also has produced a comprehensive website to accompany the text. The website provides the most recent information to broaden students knowledge of environmental health. It also provides faculty with resources to challenge students and deepen their understanding of environmental health.