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Peter Catapano - Modern Ethics in 77 Arguments - A Stone Reader

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Peter Catapano Modern Ethics in 77 Arguments - A Stone Reader

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A necessary companion to the acclaimed Stone Reader, Modern Ethics in 77 Arguments is a landmark collection for contemporary ethical thought.Since 2010, The Stonethe immensely popular, award-winning philosophy series in The New York Timeshas revived and reinterpreted age-old inquires to speak to our modern condition. This new collection of essays from the series does for modern ethics what The Stone Reader did for modern philosophy. New York Times editor Peter Catapano and best-selling author and philosopher Simon Critchley have curated an unparalleled collection that illuminates just how imperative ethical thinking is in our day-to-day life.Like its predecessor, Modern Ethics in 77 Arguments explores long-standing ethical and moral issues in light of our most urgent dilemmas. Divided into twelve sections, the book opens with a series of broad arguments on existence, human nature and morality. Indeed, big questions of the human condition are explored by some of our best-known and most accomplished living philosophers: What is the meaning of our existence? Should we really do what we love? How should we respond to evil? Is pure altruism possible?Along with these examinations of timeless moral conundrums, readers will find arguments in the more contentious areas of religion and government: Can we have a moral life without God? Does it really matter if God exists? Is patriotism moral? Accessible and provocative, these pieces expose the persistence of the most basic themes and questions of moral and ethical life. Many of the essays stress the crucial importance of directly engaging the most pressing moral dilemmas in modern life. Should we be the last generation, knowing all the harm weve done to our planet? Should we embrace our inner carnivores, or swear off all animal products? From gun control and drone warfare to the morals of marriage and reproduction, readers will view familiar debates in new, surprising lights.The editors have meticulously arranged this book to reflect a wide range of perspectives, voices and rhetorical strategies. By directly addressing some of the most complex and troubling issues we face todayracial discrimination, economic inequality, immigration, citizenship and morethe volume reveals the profound power of ethics in shaping our perceptions of nearly every aspect of our lives.A jargon-free, insightful compendium, Modern Ethics in 77 Arguments offers a panoramic view of morality and is a critical addition to The Stone Reader that will energize and enliven the world of ethical thought in both the classroom and everyday American life.IncludingThe Meaningfulness of Lives by Todd May * A Life Beyond Do What You Love by Gordon Marino * Evolution and our Inner Conflict by Edward O. Wilson * Morals Without God? by Frans de Waal * Does It Matter Whether God Exists? by Gary Gutting * The Moral Hazard of Drones by John Kaag and Sarah Kreps * Can Refugees Have Human Rights? by Omri Boehm * Dear White America by George Yancy * Girlfriend, Mother, Professor? by Carol Hay * The End of Marriage by Laurie Shrage * When Vegans Wont Compromise by Bob Fischer and James McWilliams * Should This Be the Last Generation? by Peter Singer

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CONTENTS Of Cannibals Kings and Culture The Problem of Ethnocentricity Adam - photo 1

CONTENTS

Of Cannibals, Kings and Culture:
The Problem of Ethnocentricity Adam Etinson

The seventy-seven essays in this volume have been selected from The New York Times philosophy series, The Stone, to represent the best and most accessible writing on ethical questions by philosophers and thinkers working today. The book builds on the popular success of both the Times series, founded in 2010, and the book The Stone Reader: Modern Philosophy in 133 Arguments, published in December 2015 by Liveright.

In putting together this volume we had a primary goal: to create a less expensive, more portable volume than the original Stone Reader, distilled to meet the growing interest in ethics, both in universities and the public sphere. To do this, we didnot simply carve out a subset of the larger anthology, but instead selected the most fitting entries from that book, and updated that grouping with more than thirty newer Stone essays, compiled exclusively for this volume.

The essays here tackle questions of existence, morality, religion, race, family, gender, economics, government and citizenshipnearly every topic of human concernand reflect a range of viewpoints, writing styles and rhetorical strategies. Each one either directly or indirectly raises a question to be explored: Is humanity getting better? Is real inclusiveness possible? How should we respond to evil? Who needs a gun? They sit very comfortably in the tradition of philosophy as a practical tool for the navigation of life, and hence, in this case, under the heading of Modern Ethics.

The key components of the essaysclarity, brevity, integrity and jargon-free languagehave been at the editorial core goal of The Stone since its founding. At their best, these works are useful not only for general readers looking to get beneath the surface of an issue but also for the student or teacher aiming to bring the practices of philosophy and writing together in the project of public engagement. We hope they can and will be read in philosophy courses and seminars, but also at kitchen tables and cafs, in libraries and airports, on road trips and summer vacations.

The Stone, which exists primarily as an entity of the Times opinion section, has become a well-traveled bridge from academia to the public square. It has given professors, scholars and students a vehicle to share their work and views with millions of readers in all walks of life. The conversations typically sparked by these essayswhich appear weekly on the Times website, and occasionally in our national and international print editionsextend over a broad geographical and ideological spectrum, and have given us at least some reason to believe that philosophical thinking is not only not dead, it is a robust, living practice woven into the entire human experience.

The idea of using The Stone in classrooms is not entirely new. Very early on in the project, Simon and I began receiving appreciative notes from teachers using the essays in both high school and university settings, with good results, as well as from students inspired to write essays of their own after engaging with the series. We have also used Stone essays in our own teaching, and have found that the shift that occurs in the educational process is essentially a dynamic one: teaching short, accessible works by living philosophers can foster the sense among students that philosophy is not an esoteric practice to be observed from a distance but a shared activity in a common space, one in which the author of a text may actually be praised, challenged or argued with in person, only a lecture hall or an e-mail away.

It should be noted that Modern Ethics in 77 Arguments is not an ethics reader in the typical academic sense. It does not break down the work into the usual academic divisionsmeta-, normative and applied ethicsbut rather more broadly by topic. Anyone who has compiled a table of contents for an anthology knows that categories, while certainly not useless, are often fluid, and the boundaries they imply often porous. We hope at the very least that those we have provided will help in the navigation of these essays.

As products of a news organization, each Stone piece is a response to the environment. While particular pieces may use important or canonical work in the history of philosophy as a springboard, or to position or fortify an argument, they must by necessity look forward, because the energy that drives this project is a journalistic one. Its reason for being is relevancy. It weds philosophy and journalism in their shared pursuit of, and loyalty to, the truth.

What we hope to have produced is a new text that will be useful both inside and outside the classroomin the academy and on the road, as it were, whether it is the road to enlightenment, or somewhere else entirely.

Peter Catapano,
New York
2017

W HO AMONG US HAS NOT ASKED WHETHER HIS OR HER LIFE IS A meaningful one? Who has not wonderedon a sleepless night, during a long stretch of dull or taxing work, or when a troubled child seems a greater burden than one can bearwhether in the end it all adds up to anything? On this day, too, ten years after the September 11 attacks, when many are steeped in painful reminders of personal loss, it is natural to wonder about the answers.

The philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre thought that without God, our lives are bereft of meaning. He tells us in his essay Existentialism, If God does not exist, we find no values or commands to turn to which legitimize our conduct. So, in the bright realm of values, we have no excuse behind us, nor justification before us. On this view, God gives our lives the values upon which meaning rests. And if God does not exist, as Sartre claims, our lives can have only the meaning we confer upon them.

This seems wrong on two counts. First, why would the existence of God guarantee the meaningfulness of each of our lives? Is a life of unremitting drudgery or unrequited struggle really redeemed if theres a larger plan, one to which we have no access, into which it fits? That would be small compensation for a life that would otherwise feel like a wastea point not lost on thinkers like Karl Marx, who called religion the opium of the people. Moreover, does God actually ground the values by which we live? Do we not, as Plato recognized 2,500 years ago, already have to think of those values as good in order to ascribe them to God?

Second, and more pointedly, must the meaningfulness of our lives depend on the existence of God? Must meaning rely upon articles of faith? Basing lifes meaningfulness on the existence of a deity not only leaves all atheists out of the picture but also leaves different believers out of one anothers picture. What seems called for is an approach to thinking about meaning that can draw us together, one that exists alongside or instead of religious views.

A promising and more inclusive approach is offered by Susan Wolf in her recent and compelling book, Meaning in Life and Why It Matters. A meaningful life, she claims, is distinct from a happy life or a morally good one. In her view, meaning arises when subjective attraction meets objective attractiveness. A meaningful life must, in some sense then, feel worthwhile. The person living the life must be engaged by it. A life of commitment to causes that are generally defined as worthylike feeding and clothing the poor or ministering to the illbut that do not move the person participating in them will lack meaningfulness in this sense. However, for a life to be meaningful, it must also be worthwhile. Engagement in a life of tiddlywinks does not rise to the level of a meaningful life, no matter how gripped one might be by the game.

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