The historical dictionaries present essential information on a broad range of subjects, including American and world history, art, business, cities, countries, cultures, customs, film, global conflicts, international relations, literature, music, philosophy, religion, sports, and theater. Written by experts, all contain highly informative introductory essays on the topic and detailed chronologies that, in some cases, cover vast historical time periods but still manage to heavily feature more recent events.
Brief AZ entries describe the main people, events, politics, social issues, institutions, and policies that make the topic unique, and entries are cross-referenced for ease of browsing. Extensive bibliographies are divided into several general subject areas, providing excellent access points for students, researchers, and anyone wanting to know more. Additionally, maps, photographs, and appendixes of supplemental information aid high school and college students doing term papers or introductory research projects. In short, the historical dictionaries are the perfect starting point for anyone looking to research in these fields.
Historical Dictionaries of U.S. Politics
and Political Eras
Jon Woronoff, Series Editor
Revolutionary America, by Terry M. Mays, 2005.
NixonFord Era, by Mitchell K. Hall, 2008.
RooseveltTruman Era, by Neil A. Wynn, 2008.
Eisenhower Era, by Burton I. Kaufman and Diane Kaufman, 2009.
Progressive Era, by Catherine Cocks, Peter C. Holloran, and Alan Lessoff, 2009.
Gilded Age, by T. Adams Upchurch, 2009.
Political Parties, by Harold F. Bass Jr., 2010.
George W. Bush Era, by Richard S. Conley, 2010.
United States Congress, by Scot Schraufnagel, 2011.
Colonial America, by William Pencak, 2011.
Civil War and Reconstruction, Second Edition, by William L. Richter, 2012.
Clinton Era, by Richard S. Conley, 2012.
Old South, Second Edition, by William L. Richter, 2013.
Carter Era, by Diane Kaufman and Scott Kaufman, 2013.
From the Great War to the Great Depression, Second Edition, by Neil A. Wynn, 2014.
KennedyJohnson Era, Second Edition, by Richard Dean Burns and Joseph M. Siracusa, 2015.
U.S. Supreme Court, by Artemus Ward, Christopher Brough, and Robert Arnold, 2015.
American Frontier, by Jay H. Buckley and Brenden W. Rensink, 2015.
U.S. Presidency, by Richard S. Conley, 2016.
U.S. Constitution, by Richard S. Conley, 2016.
Jacksonian Era and Manifest Destiny, by Mark R. Cheathem and Terry Corps, 2016.
Early American Republic, Second Edition, by Richard Buel Jr. and Jeffers Lennox, 2017.
ReaganBush Era, Second Edition, by Richard S. Conley, 2017.
Barack Obama Administration, Second Edition, by Michael J. Pomante II and Scot Schraufnagel, 2018.
Historical Dictionary of
the Barack Obama Administration
Second Edition
Michael J. Pomante II and Scot Schraufnagel
ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD
Lanham Boulder New York London
Published by Rowman & Littlefield
A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc.
4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706
www.rowman.com
Unit A, Whitacre Mews, 26-34 Stannary Street, London SE11 4AB
Copyright 2013 by Michael J. Pomante II and Scot Schraufnagel
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote passages in a review.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Pomante, Michael J., II, 1982, author. | Schraufnagel, Scot, author.
Title: Historical dictionary of the Barack Obama administration / Michael J. Pomante II [and] Scot Schraufnagel.
Description: Second edition. | Lanham : Rowman & Littlefield, 2018. | Series: Historical dictionaries of U.S. politics and political eras | Includes bibliographical references.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017050368 (print) | LCCN 2017053560 (ebook) | ISBN 9781538111529 (electronic) | ISBN 9781538111512 (hardcover : alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: United StatesPolitics and government20092017Dictionaries. | Obama, BarackDictionaries.
Classification: LCC E907 (ebook) | LCC E907 .P66 2018 (print) | DDC 973.932092dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017050368
Printed in the United States of America.
made me everything I am today.
Michael J. Pomante II
to my mother who never judged me, or anyone, harshly.
That Barack Obama was the 44th president of the United States was a considerable achievement for an African American, but his accomplishments will count for much more. This is a good time to take another look at the Obama administration, both to show what happened during his second administration and also to evaluate the administration as a whole.
This new edition was written by the same authors as the first, Michael J. Pomante II and Scot Schraufnagel. Pomante is a visiting assistant professor at Tulane University and specializes in, among other things, the American presidency. He has been teaching classes on American government and politics for the last decade. Schraufnagel obtained his Ph.D. from Florida State University in 2002 and is a full professor and chair of the Department of Political Science at Northern Illinois University. Also focusing on the presidency and U.S. Congress, he has written numerous articles for journals as well as several books, including Third Party Blues. He is also the author of the Historical Dictionary of the U.S. Congress in this series. We are greatly indebted to them for their efforts and for rounding out the story. This book should be kept handy when judging Obamas successors.
We are pleased to be writing this text on Barack Obama, the first African American president of the United States. In a country with a rich history of racial animosities, Obama represents a notable deviation in the trajectory of Americas presidential history. At the close of his second term in office, a survey of the personalities and events associated with his presidency is fitting. In this walk through recent history, we will be keen to point out the presidents successes, failures, and challenges. Governing in a society ripe with ideological and partisan polarization, the Obama administration was surrounded by controversy, much of it manufactured by his opponents but salient nonetheless. This volume will attempt to provide perspective and clarity on the most important individuals and experiences connected to Obama during his eight years in office, but also his early life. The information covered in this volume includes discussion of his transition out of office and events taking place at the beginning of the Donald Trump administration. The last two chronological entries in this volume relate to acts of terrorism, one domestic and the other international, an unfortunate recurring theme throughout many of the years of President Obamas public life.