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Gretchen McCulloch - 23 July

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Gretchen McCulloch 23 July
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A Wired Must-Read Book of SummerGretchen McCulloch is the internets favorite linguist, and this book is essential reading. Reading her work is like suddenly being able to see the matrix. Jonny Sun, author of everyones a aliebn when ur a aliebn tooBecause Internet is for anyone whos ever puzzled over how to punctuate a text message or wondered where memes come from. Its the perfect book for understanding how the internet is changing the English language, why thats a good thing, and what our online interactions reveal about who we are.Language is humanitys most spectacular open-source project, and the internet is making our language change faster and in more interesting ways than ever before. Internet conversations are structured by the shape of our apps and platforms, from the grammar of status updates to the protocols of comments and @replies. Linguistically inventive online communities spread new slang and jargon with dizzying speed. Whats more, social media is a vast laboratory of unedited, unfiltered words where we can watch language evolve in real time.Even the most absurd-looking slang has genuine patterns behind it. Internet linguist Gretchen McCulloch explores the deep forces that shape human language and influence the way we communicate with one another. She explains how your first social internet experience influences whether you prefer LOL or lol, why ~sparkly tildes~ succeeded where centuries of proposals for irony punctuation had failed, what emoji have in common with physical gestures, and how the artfully disarrayed language of animal memes like lolcats and doggo made them more likely to spread.

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RIVERHEAD BOOKS An imprint of Penguin Random House LLC penguinrandomhousecom - photo 1
RIVERHEAD BOOKS An imprint of Penguin Random House LLC penguinrandomhousecom - photo 2

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RIVERHEAD BOOKS

An imprint of Penguin Random House LLC

penguinrandomhouse.com

Copyright 2019 Gretchen McCulloch Penguin supports copyright Copyright fuels - photo 4

Copyright 2019 Gretchen McCulloch

Penguin supports copyright. Copyright fuels creativity, encourages diverse voices, promotes free speech, and creates a vibrant culture. Thank you for buying an authorized edition of this book and for complying with copyright laws by not reproducing, scanning, or distributing any part of it in any form without permission. You are supporting writers and allowing Penguin to continue to publish books for every reader.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: McCulloch, Gretchen, author.

Title: Because internet : understanding the new rules of language / Gretchen McCulloch.

Description: New York, NY : Riverhead Books, 2019. | Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2018038232 (print) | LCCN 2019009439 (ebook) | ISBN 9780735210950 (ebook) | ISBN 9780735210936 (hardback)

Subjects: LCSH: Language and the Internet. | BISAC: SOCIAL SCIENCE / Popular Culture. | BUSINESS & ECONOMICS / Business Communication / General. | LANGUAGE ARTS & DISCIPLINES / Linguistics / General.

Classification: LCC P120.I6 (ebook) | LCC P120.I6 M28 2019 (print) | DDC 302.23/1dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018038232

While the author has made every effort to provide accurate internet addresses and other contact information at the time of publication, neither the publisher nor the author assumes any responsibility for errors or for changes that occur after publication. Further, the publisher does not have any control over and does not assume any responsibility for author or third-party websites or their content.

Version_1

To the people who make internet language.

You are the territory, this is merely a map.

Contents
Chapter 1
Informal Writing

Imagine learning to talk from recordings rather than people. If you learned how to have a conversation from movies, you might think that people regularly hang up the phone without saying goodbye and no one ever interrupts anyone else. If you learned to think out loud from news programs, you might believe that no one ever ums or waves their hands while searching for an idea, and that people swear rarely and never before ten p.m. If you learned to tell stories from audiobooks, you might think that nothing much new had happened with the English language in the past couple hundred years. If you only ever talked when you were public speaking, youd expect that talking always involves anxious butterflies in your stomach and hours of preparation before facing an audience.

Of course, you did none of these things. You learned to speak English domestically, conversationally, and informally long before you could sit through an entire news report or deliver a speech. You might never be wholly comfortable with public speaking, but of course you can complain about the weather to a friend. Sure, they both involve moving the same body parts, but theyre hardly the same task at all.

And yet this is exactly how we all learned to read and write.

When we think about writing, we think about books and newspapers, magazines and academic articlesand the school essays in which we tried (and mostly failed) to emulate them. We learned to read a formal kind of language which pretends that the past century or two of English hasnt really happened, which presents words and books to us cut off from the living people who created them, which downplays the alchemy of two people tossing thoughts back and forth in perfect balance. We learned to write with a paralyzing fear of red ink and were taught to worry about form before we even got to consider what we wanted to say, as if good writing were a thing of mechanistic rule-picking rather than of grace and verve. Naturally, were as intimidated by the blank page as we are by public speaking.

That is, we were until very recently. The internet and mobile devices have brought us an explosion of writing by normal people. Writing has become a vital, conversational part of our ordinary lives. In the year 800, Charlemagne managed to get himself crowned as Holy Roman Emperor without being able to sign his own name. Sure, he had scribes to write up his charters, but illiterately running an empire? Today its hard to imagine even organizing a birthday party without writing. One type of writing hasnt replaced the other: the Happy Birthday text message hasnt killed the diplomatic treaty. Whats changed is that writing now comes in both formal and informal versions, just as speaking has for so long.

We write all the time now, and most of what were writing is informal: our texts and chats and posts are quick, theyre conversational, theyre untouched by the hands of an editor. If you define a published writer as someone whos had something theyve written reach over a hundred people, practically everyone who uses social media qualifiesjust make an announcement post about a new job or a new baby. Its not that edited, formal writing has disappeared online (there are plenty of business and news sites that still write much like we did in print), its that its now surrounded by a vast sea of unedited, unfiltered words that once might have only been spoken.


Im a linguist, and I live on the internet. When I see the boundless creativity of internet language flowing past me online, I cant help but want to understand how it works. Why did emoji become so popular so quickly? Whats the deal with how people of different ages punctuate their emails and text messages so differently? Why does the language in memes often look so wonderfully strange?

Im not alone in wondering about these things. When I started writing about internet linguistics online, I quickly ran into more follow-up questions from readers than just another article could answer. I went to conferences and dived into research papers and ran a few of my own queries. I realized that in many cases there were answers, just not from an internet native speaker, not all together in one place, not in a form thats fun to read regardless of how much you already know about linguistics. So I wrote this book.

Linguists are interested in the subconscious patterns behind the language we produce every day. But traditionally, linguistics doesnt analyze writing very much, unless its a question about the history of a language and written records are all we have. The problem is that writing is too premeditated, too likely to have gotten filtered through multiple hands, too hard to attribute to a single persons linguistic intuitions at a specific moment. But internet writing is different. Its unedited, its unfiltered, and its so beautifully mundane. And, as Ive continued rediscovering with every chapter of this book, when we analyze the hidden patterns of written internet language, we can understand more about our language in general.


Internet writing is also useful because speech is an absolute nightmare to analyze. First of all, speech vanishes as soon as its said, and if youre just taking notes, you might be misremembering things or not noticing everything. So you want to record the audio, but thats your second problem: now you need to physically transport people into a recording lab or travel around with a recorder. Once youve got recordings, youve got a third problem: processing. It takes about an hour of skilled human work per minute of audio recording to get speech into a transcript usable for linguistic analysis: to transcribe the overall gist, to go back and add detailed phonetic information, to extract parts and analyze their acoustic frequencies or sentence structure. Many a beleaguered linguistics grad student has spent years of their life doing precisely this, in search of the answers to just a handful of specific questions. Its hard to do at a massive scale. All the while, theres a fourth challenge: your participants probably wont talk to an academic interviewer the same way theyd talk to a friend. Want to analyze a signed language instead? Instead of analyzing audio in just one dimension, now youre facing video in two. Want to skip a step and use preexisting recordings? Good luck: most of that is news, acting, and other formal varieties.

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