Russell - Philosophical Essays
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Philosophical Essays
Philosophy, from the earliest times, has made greater claims, and achieved fewer results, than any other branch of learning I believe that the time has now arrived when this unsatisfactory state of things can be brought to an end
Bertrand Russell
We have nothing but praise for these essays. It is rare for a man of great learning to come down into the philosophical arena and dispute with such licidity, and above all with such sympathy, the views that he is criticising.
The Oxford Magazine
In the manner of self-restraint, clear statement and rigorous argument these essays are models of what such essays should be.
The Glasgow Herald
A serious and important contribution to philosophical literature.
The Hibbert Journal
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Bertrand Russell
London and New York
This edition first published in 1910
by Longmans, Green & Co.
First published in Routledge Classics 2009
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2009 The Bertrand Russell Peace Foundation Ltd
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Russell, Bertrand, 18721970.
Philosophical essays / Bertrand Russell.
p. cm.(Routledge classics)
Originally published: London ; New York : Longmans, Green, 1910.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Philosophy. I. Title.
B1649.R93P5 2009
192dc22
ISBN13: 978-1-134-02600-5 ePub ISBN
ISBN10: 0-415-47449-3 (pbk)
ISBN13: 978-0-415-47449-8 (pbk)
ISBN10: 0-203-87540-0 (ebk)
ISBN13: 978-0-203-87540-7 (ebk)
The volume to which this is a preface is essentially a reprint of a book, with the same title, published in 1910. However, two essays in that volume, namely The Free Mans Worship and The Study of Mathematics, were reprinted in Mysticism and Logic and are therefore not included in the present volume. They are replaced by an article on history and one on Poincars Science and Hypothesis.
I have not attempted to make such emendations in the texts reprinted in this volume as might be called for by changes in my opinions during the intervening fifty-five years. The chief change is that I no longer believe in objective ethical values as I did when (following Moore) I wrote the first essay in the present volume.
The following essays, with the exception of the last, are reprints, with some alterations, of articles which have appeared in various periodicals. The first three essays are concerned with ethical subjects, while the last four are concerned with the nature of truth. I include among the ethical essays the one on The Study of Mathematics, because this essay is concerned rather with the value of mathematics than with an attempt to state what mathematics is. Of the four essays which are concerned with Truth, two deal with Pragmatism, whose chief novelty is a new definition of truth. One deals with the conception of truth advocated by those philosophers who are more or less affiliated to Hegel, while the last endeavours to set forth briefly, without technicalities, the view of truth which commends itself to the author. All the essays, with the possible exception of the one on The Monistic Theory of Truth, are designed to appeal to those who take an interest in philosophical questions without having had a professional training in philosophy.
I have to thank the editor of The New Quarterly for permission to reprint The Study of Mathematics and Sections I, II, III, V and VI of the essay on The Elements of Ethics, and for Section IV I have to thank the editor of the Hibbert Journal. My acknowledgments are also due to the editors of The Independent Review, The Edinburgh Review, The Albany Review, and the Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, for permission to reprint the essays II, IV, V and VI respectively. In the sixth essay as originally printed, there was a third section, which is now replaced by the seventh essay.
Oxford
July 1910
Postscript.The death of William James, which occurred when the printing of this book was already far advanced, makes me wish to express, what in the course of controversial writings does not adequately appear, the profound respect and personal esteem which I felt for him, as did all who knew him, and my deep sense of the public and private loss occasioned by his death. For readers trained in philosophy, no such assurance was required; but for those unaccustomed to the tone of a subject in which agreement is necessarily rarer than esteem, it seemed desirable to record what to others would be a matter of course.
October 1910
THE ELEMENTS OF ETHICS
1. The study of Ethics is perhaps most commonly conceived as being concerned with the questions What sort of actions ought men to perform? and What sort of actions ought men to avoid? It is conceived, that is to say, as dealing with human conduct, and as deciding what is virtuous and what vicious among the kinds of conduct between which, in practice, people are called upon to choose. Owing to this view of the province of ethics, it is sometimes regarded as the practical study, to which all others may be opposed as theoretical; the good and the true are sometimes spoken of as independent kingdoms, the former belonging to ethics, while the latter belongs to the sciences.
This view, however, is doubly defective. In the first place, it overlooks the fact that the object of ethics, by its own account, is to discover true propositions about virtuous and vicious conduct, and that these are just as much a part of truth as true propositions about oxygen or the multiplication table. The aim is, not practice, but propositions about practice; and propositions about practice are not themselves practical, any more than propositions about gases are gaseous. One might as well maintain that botany is vegetable or zoology animal. Thus the study of ethics is not something outside science and co-ordinate with it: it is merely one among sciences.
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