Karen Chassie - Whos Who in America 1999

a marquis whoswho in america publication

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Table of Contents

Volume 1

Preface vi

Board of Advisors vii

Standards of Admission viii

Key to Information ix

Table of Abbreviations x

Alphabetical Practices \\i

Who's Who in America Biographies A-K 1

Volume 2

Preface vi

Board of Advisors \n

Standards o\ Admission viii

Key to Information ix

Table of Abbreviations x

Alphabetical Practices xvi

Who's Who in America Biographies L-Z 2523

Volume 3

Geographic Index 4959

Professional Index 5237

Retiree Index 5625

Necrology 5629

Preface

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HO^S WHO IN AMERICA shall endeavor to list those individuals who are of current national reference interest and inquiry either because of meritorious achievement or because of the positions they hold."

Albert Nelson Marquis

Founder, 1899

A Standard Reference Work

When the first edition of Who's Who in America appeared in 1899, it presented itself as a new and untried experiment in the field of American reference book publishing. It was the first publication ever issued which claimed to be, in any comprehensive degree, a general biographical directory of notable American contemporaries. During the century that has passed, Who's Who in America has garnered a worldwide reputation for presenting the most accurate, current biographical data available. Quickly establishing itself as a standard reference work, it has grown steadily in public favor, and today is recognized globally as the premier reference pertaining to notable living Americans.

The 53rd Edition upholds the guiding principle set forth by A.N. Marquis 100 years ago: The editors of Who's Who in America continue to strive to identify and chronicle the achievements of men and women who have become the leaders in our society's political, cultural, and economic affairs.

One Principle Governs Selection

In 1899, Marquis Biographees numbered 8,602, or one person per 10,000 of U.S. population. In this 53rd Edition, Marquis Who's Who proudly presents the biographies of approximately 105,000 outstanding individuals. While our Biographees have grown in number, our selection standards remain stringent. Fewer than four in 10,000 people are included in Who's Who in America.

Selection is based solely on reference value. Individuals become eligible for listing by virtue of their positions and/or noteworthy achievements that have proven to be of significant value to society. An individual's desire to be listed is not sufficient reason for inclusion. Similarly, wealth or social position are not criteria. Of course, Marquis Who's Who has never charged a fee for publishing a biography, nor is purchase of the book ever a factor in the selection of Biographees.

Compiling the Most Accurate Biographical Data

Through fifty-three editions, the basic Who's Who in America compilation process has remained unchanged. Potential Biographees are identified by Marquis researchers and editors. Candidates are sent data forms and are invited to submit complete biographical and career information. These data are reviewed to confirm that candidates meet the stringent selection criteria. Sketches are then prepared and sent to Biographees for prepublication checking.

In some cases, Marquis staff members compile and/or verify the biographical data through independent research. Sketches compiled in this manner are denoted by asterisks. For a small number of cases, where detailed information is not available at publication, the editors have written brief sketches with current career information; these are also indicated by asterisks.

To maintain its reputation for currency, and at the same time to adhere to space limitations, Who's Who in America undergoes meticulous review of selection criteria with each edition. Deletion of some names is inevitable; such deletion is not arbitrary. For example, if a Biographee has retired from active participation in a career or public life, the sketch may be excluded. In large part, it is career development that determines inclusion and continuation.

Annual publication enables Who's Who in America to bring users more new names and update more existing entries each edition. In all, over 15,000 new names appear in the 53rd Edition.

Responding to Your Reference Needs

Who's Who in America provides a number of useful reference features. As a complement to the biographical profiles, the Geographic and Professional Indexes make Who's Who in America an even more productive research tool. Through these indexes, users can identify and locate individuals in any of thirty-eight categories, as well as by country, state, or city.

This edition also contains a cumulative Retiree Index of persons whose names were deleted from the 50th through 52nd Editions because they have retired from active work. This index enables the user to locate the last published biographical sketch of each listee.

There is also a Necrology of Biographees whose sketches appeared in the 52nd Edition and whose deaths were reported prior to the closing of this edition. The sketches have been removed from the book. (For those Biographees whose deaths were reported prior to June 1998, complete biographical information, including date of death and place of interment, can be found in Volume XII of Who Was Who in America.)

The editors of Who's Who in America are pleased to present a new feature in the 53rd Edition: Enhanced Biographies. Listees whose profiles are "enhanced" have provided details about career accomplishments, or their family lives, in their own words. Additionally, many of the men and women profiled in Who's Who in America have provided a listing of their avocations. Together these features describe more fully the Biographees' life experiences, thus providing valuable insight into their successes.