William Edward Higgins - Xenophon the Athenian: the problem of the individual and the society of the polis
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Xenophon the Athenian: the problem of the individual and the society of the polis
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Xenophon the Athenian : The Problem of the Individual and the Society of the Polis
author
:
Higgins, William Edward.
publisher
:
State University of New York Press
isbn10 | asin
:
087395369X
print isbn13
:
9780873953696
ebook isbn13
:
9780585091822
language
:
English
subject
Xenophon--Political and social views, Social psychology in literature, Literature and society--Greece, Individualism in literature, Greece--Historiography.
publication date
:
1977
lcc
:
PA4497.H5 1977eb
ddc
:
938/.007/2024
subject
:
Xenophon--Political and social views, Social psychology in literature, Literature and society--Greece, Individualism in literature, Greece--Historiography.
Page v
Xenophon the Athenian
The Problem of the Individual and the Society of the Polis
By W. E. Higgins
State University of New York Press Albany, 1977
Page vi
First published in 1977 by State University of New York Press Albany, New York 12246
1977 State University of New York All rights reserved
Grateful acknowledgment is made to Random House, Inc. for permission to reprint material from "September 1, 1939," by W. H. Auden, from The Collected Poetry of W. H. Auden. Copyright 1940 by W. H. Auden.
Printed and made in the United States of America
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Higgins. William Edward. 1945 Xenophon the Athenian.
Includes bibliographical references. 1. XenophonCriticism and interpretation. I. Title. PA4497.H51977938'.007'2024 [B]77-2392 ISBN 0-87395-369-X
Page vii
To the memory of my father
Page ix
Contents
Preface
xi
Chapter 1 Reading Xenophon
1
Chapter 2 Socrates
21
Chapter 3 Cyrus
44
Chapter 4 Tyranny
60
Chapter 5 The Active Life
76
Chapter 6 History
99
Chapter 7 Xenophon and Athens
128
Abbreviations
144
Notes
145
Index
180
Page xi
Preface
A new book on Xenophon hardly requires apology, but a few words may be in order about the aims and methods of the present volume. It is, above all, a book about Xenophon qua Xenophon and makes no attempt to satisfy the interests of those who read Xenophon for information about military tactics, fourth-century economics, history, and so forth. It confronts the text of Xenophon as that text exists in itself and proceeds on the assumption that the text must be understood on its own terms and within its own limits, especially since there is no good reason for believing that any work of Xenophon exists in a form today other than that which he himself desired. The book, in short, asks the question "what is here" rather than the question "what ought to be here." Its argument also progresses through a close reading of the text which may often seem at first glance a mere rewording of Xenophon's original but which ought to prove something more salient upon closer inspection. By the same token, highlights in the discussion of one work ought to be borne in mind when similar topics appear in the exposition of another. The reader is invited to make his own connections, for they are often not spelled out.
The book's basic attitude will also be evident in the notes, where the majority of references are to the texts of Xenophon and not to the works of scholars. I have generally confined citations of such secondary materials to places where different views are maintained or where surveys of problems can conveniently be found. I have not attempted, moreover, to list every opinion on every point or to counter by name and in detail all those who argue for views contrary to those taken here. To have done so would have increased
Page xii
the size of the book inordinately and have inevitably led to a subtle misplacement of passion by putting a greater emphasis on the writings of scholars when primacy of attention should be accorded to those of Xenophon. Nevertheless I trust I have not failed to consider any important work on Xenophon which appeared before the summer of 1975.
Secondly, the book attempts to see all the works of Xenophon as forming one man's creative production, in the belief that comprehension of his total oeuvre and the relation of individual parts to one another may facilitate a better understanding of Xenophon's works when taken separately. Such an approach has not been common, and those who have attempted it have often operated under what one reader feels to be false preconceptions, or they have been content to catalogue and cross reference Xenophon's ideas without actually interpreting them. I have singled out one controlling idea, Xenophon's understanding of the relation between the individual and the polis, because it is something which unifies all of Xenophon's varied literary endeavors and because it has not been treated with emphasis though many have recognized its importance. As the ensuing pages will demonstrate, however, the argument makes no claim that this is the only important idea in Xenophon or that it is the only one unifying his angles of outlook. Indeed it is impossible to treat so central a theme in an exclusive way, without directing attention to related issues (for example, the family, finance, interstate relations) and dealing with them as complementary to the key concern.
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1977