Vedveer Arya - The Origin of the Christian Era: Fact or Fiction

The Origin of the Christian Era:Fact or FictionThe Origin of the Christian Era:Fact or Fiction VEDVEER ARYA ARYABHATA PUBLICATIONS Hyderabad Published by Aryabhata Publications Hyderabad Email: aryabhatapublications@gmail.com Vedveer Arya 2019 All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission in the writing from the copyright owners and publishers. First Edition : Oct 2019 Sponsored by : ITIHASA (International True Indian History Association with Scientific Approach) Email: itihasaorg@gmail.com www.itihasa.org Typeset by: Vinod Yadav, ARTOGRAPH Printed by: Balaji Offset, M 28, Naveen Shahadara, Delhi-110032 Dedicated to my mother...Contents

1. Introduction 2. Why the Epoch of Anno Domini is not Historical 11 3. The Epoch of the Nabonassarian Era and the Chronology of Ancient Persia 4.

Ptolemys Almagest: A Great Treatise or A Successful Fraud 5. The Chronology of Ancient Egypt 6. The Jewish Chronology up to the Second Temple Period 171 7. The Chronology of Babylon 8. The Chronology of Assyria 9. The Chronology of Ancient Greece 10.

The Chronology of Roman Empire 11. The Problem with Weekday and the Date of Easter 257 12. The Chronology of Ancient China 13. The Origin and Antiquity of Western Ancient Kingdoms 301 References 337 Appendix I 345 Appendix II 355 Bibliography 373 PrefACe Chronology is the undeniable underpinning in the chronicling of history, and it is axiomatic that an unshakeable, unquestionable baseline is the absolute bedrock of chronology. Establishing the true baseline is the principal prerequisite in the reconstruction of chronological history and the lack of one may lay us open to error. To illustrate, historians with absolute belief that the epoch of the Christian era (1 CE) is the firm baseline of world chronology have failed miserably in establishing the exact dates of the first dynasty of Babylon and the fall of Babylon.

This is apparent from the fact that the reign of Hammurabi has been dated in five different chronologies: 1933-1890 BCE, 1848-1806 BCE, 1792-1750 BCE, 1728-1686 BCE or 1696-1654 BCE and similarly, the fall of Babylon has been variously dated as 1736 BCE, 1651 BCE, 1595 BCE, 1531 BCE or 1499 BCE. This inconsistency in determining the exact chronology of the Hammurabi dynasty and other instances is a clear indicator that the epoch of the Christian era does not qualify to be the firm baseline of world chronology. The Venus Tablet of King Ammisaduqa found in Babylon offers independently verifiable astronomical evidence but unfortunately, world historians have markedly failed to fix the exact date of the Venus Tablet because of the blind assumption of 1 CE as the epoch of the birth of Jesus Christ without presenting any independently verifiable evidence. Fixing the exact dates of ancient historical events with precision is indeed an arduous and herculean undertaking but my studies have now conclusively established the exact dates of the Venus Tablet based on archaeo-astronomical evidence. Thus, the reign of King Ammisaduqa can be exactly dated to 2473-2453 BCE, the reign of Hammurabi to 2619-2578 BCE and the fall of Babylon can also be fixed as 2418 BCE. The archaeo-astronomical evidence of the Venus Tablet, which accurately and independently establishes the date of King Ammisaduqa, the fifth successor of Hammurabi, will qualify to be the true baseline of the chronology of ancient Western kingdoms.

Accordingly, my book argues that there is a genuine need to reconstruct Western chronology up to Augustus without referring to the x | The Origin of the Christian Era: Fact or Fiction epoch of the Christian era. In fact, eminent historians of the Western world have incorrectly assumed the fictitious epoch of the Christian era (1 CE) as the unquestionable baseline and reconciled the chronology of world history in antithesis to the traditional chronology of ancient civilisations, resulting in numerous irresolvable chronological quandaries. In this book, I present a rational inquiry into the genuine chronology of the world and a verifiable analysis to resolve the chronological inconsistency of ~660 years which arose as an outcome of the unfounded assumption of the birth of Jesus Christ in 1 CE. Illustrating with documented evidence and verifiable facts, I have traced the complete chronology of Western kingdoms from ancient times to the fall of the Byzantine Roman Empire. If the date of the Venus Tablet as the baseline were to be unanimously accepted, all the chronic problems of the chronology of world history can be satisfactorily resolved. I hope the learned readers will critically examine the facts to evaluate my research in resolving the chronological mysteries and contribute further in establishing the authentic chronology of world history.

This book would not have been possible without the erudite inputs from numerous research papers, articles and books on this very significant subject. During the writing of this book, I have, quite often, borrowed and reproduced some of the relevant content from these sources. I acknowledge my deep indebtedness to the scholarly authors of these articles and books. I express my profound gratitude to respected K.N. Govindacharya ji for his inspirational guidance. My sincere thanks to Dr G.

Satheesh Reddy, Secretary, Department of Defence R&D and Chairman, DRDO for being a constant source of great motivation. My special thanks to Sh. Raj Vedam, Sh. Ravindranath Kaul, Sh. Sudhir Nathan, Sh. Vutukur Srinivas Rao, Sh.

Sandeep Sarkar and Ms. Dipti Mohil Chawla for their valuable suggestions and sustained encouragement. I also thank Sh. Sanjay Sharma, Sh. Shamit Khemka and Sh. Paritosh Agrawal for extending all support in design of cover page and publication of this book.

I thank my friend Sh. Braj Kishore Gupta for his efforts in editing the manuscript. I also thank Sh. Vinod Yadav for his creative contribution in the type-setting, design and printing of this book. Finally, I thank my wife Sandhya for her support, encouragement and patience during the time of writing of this book. New Delhi Vedveer Arya 30 Sep 2019 The Introduction The historical traditions of western ancient kingdoms like Greece, Persia, Egypt, Assyria and Sumeria have arguably evolved over a long period from origins of great antiquity.

The Epic of Gilgamesh, the Homers Illiad and Odyssey and the traditional historical records like the Zoroastrian Shahnamah, the genealogical lists of ancient Egyptian royal dynasties, the kings list of Sumeria and the Hebrew Bible of Jews undoubtedly provide a tantalizing glimpse of western historical traditions. Truly speaking, Homer was the first historian of the west, who narrated the historical events in verse, though eminent historians have had a biased view about his epics. Isaac Newton studied the Greek historical sources for the chronology and expressed his doubt that; The Greek Antiquities are full of poetical fictions, because the Greeks wrote nothing in prose, before the conquest of Asia by Cyrus the Persian. Then Pherecydes Scyrius and Cadmus Milesius introduced the writing in Prose.1 Apparently, Isaac Newton ridiculously argued that the Greek history written in poetry is fiction and the Greek history written in prose is trustworthy. In fact, the discovery of the archaeological site of Troy not only debunks the scepticism of Doubting Thomases (eminent historians) but also clearly establishes the historicity of the legends about the ancient city of Troy. Herodotus, Thucydides, Xenophon and Ctesias were the earliest Greek historians after Homer.

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