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Verna V. Gehring - Philosophical Dimensions of Public Policy

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Verna V. Gehring Philosophical Dimensions of Public Policy

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At the mid-point of the twentieth century, many philosophers in the English-speaking world regarded political and moral philosophy as all but moribund. Thinkers influenced by logical positivism believe that ethical statements are merely disguised expressions of individual emotion lacking propositional force, or that the conditions for the validation of ethical statements could not be specified, or that their content, however humanly meaningful, is inexpressible.

Philosophical Dimensions of Public Policy presents thirty-four articles written by research scholars numerous fields-philosophy, political theory, medicine, law, biology, economics, ecology and sociology-treating a broad range of topics in practical philosophy. The Institute for Philosophy and Public Affairs has been home for these ideas, pioneering a distinctive method of conducting inquiry into the moral dimensions of public life, and contributing to public discussion and deliberation. Members of the Institute reject the idea that public philosophy means reaching into the philosophers tool-kit and applying prefabricated theories to particular problems. They set in motion a dialogue between the distinctive moral features of practical problems and the more general moral theories or considerations that seem most likely to elucidate these problems.

The volume is divided into five areas: Politics, Civic Life, and Moral Education; Diversity, Identity, and Equal Opportunity; Human Rights, Development Ethics, and International Justice; Biotechnology, Genetic Research, and Health Policy; and Natural Environment, Human Communities.

Philosophical Dimensions of Public Policy presents empirical data and philosophical arguments with the intention of informing public policy and public deliberation. Scholars as well as graduate and undergraduate students are certain to find it useful to their research work.

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Philosophical Dimensions of Public Policy
Philosophical Dimensions of Public Policy
Verna V. Gehring
William A. Galston
editors
Policy Studies Review Annual Volume 13
First published 2002 by Transaction publishers Published 2017 by Routledge 2 - photo 1
First published 2002 by Transaction publishers
Published 2017 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon 0X14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
Copyright 2002 by Taylor & Francis.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
ISBN 13: 978-0-7658-0541-6 (pbk)
ISSN: 0163-108X
Contents
William A. Galston
Robert K. Fullinwider
Bonnie Kent
Judith Lichtenberg
William A. Galston
Robert K. Fullinwider
Peter Levine
Robert K. Fullinwider
Lawrence A. Blum
William A. Galston
Peter Levine
Peter Levine
Judith Lichtenberg
Claudia Mills
Judith Lichtenberg and David Luban
Robert K. Fullinwider
David Wasserman
Anita Silvers and David Wasserman
Jerome M. Segal
Judith Lichtenberg
Xiaorong Li
Xiaorong Li
PaulW. Kahn
David A. Crocker
Robert Wachbroit
Nancy S. Jecker
Robert Wachbroit
Robert Wachbroit
Claudia Mills
Deborah Heilman
Alan Strudler
Jerome M. Segal
Mark Sagoff
David Wasserman and Mick Womersley
Mark Sagoff
Jerome M. Segal
Mark Sagoff
At the midpoint of the twentieth century, many philosophers in the English-speaking world regarded practicalthat is, political and moralphilosophy as all but moribund. Thinkers influenced by logical positivism believed that ethical statements were merely disguised expressions of individual emotion lacking propositional force, or that the conditions for the validation of ethical statements could not be specified, or that their content, however humanly meaningful, was inexpressible (this was the stance of the early Wittgenstein). Those working in the ordinary language tradition asserted that while philosophy could examine the usage of moral concepts in a neutral manner, it was powerless to make judgments about substantive issues of individual or collective morality. Many prominent scholars regarded the classics of moral and political philosophy as matters of historical rather than philosophical significance. To the extent that substantive practical philosophy in the English-speaking world survived the onslaught of positivism and historicism, it was in the form of utilitarianism taken for granted as the common-sense expression of equal concern for all human (or sentient) beings.
The revival of practical philosophy began at roughly the moment its demise was announced, an interesting reversal of Hegels dictum concerning the owl of Minerva. Philosophers with roots in the German tradition worked to reestablish the contemporary relevance of classic texts. Others offered theories that engaged directly with age-old issues of political philosophy such as distributive justice and moral obligation. Still others, influenced by the antiwar and social justice movements in the United States, began publishing essays that engaged the moral dimensions of specific public policy issues. The positivist impulse in social science soon came under siege from both Left and Right. It was not long before philosophers began to reflect on the relation between general theory and particular practical questions. At roughly the same time, members of various professionsespecially law, medicine, and journalismand even students of politics began to reflect more systematically on the moral dimensions of their respective crafts.
Many regard the near-simultaneous publication of John Rawls Theory of Justice and the founding of the journal Philosophy & Public Affairs as marking the formal emergence of a revived practical philosophy. These events also marked a shift away from utilitarianism toward Kantianism and contractarianism as the default modes for practical philosophy. And they offered evidence that a revitalized philosophical liberalism could muster the inner resources needed to grapple with the burning issues of the day.
It was against this backdrop that philosophers Peter Brown (now at McGill) and Henry Shue (now at Cornell) formed the idea of an institution that would give the same careful attention to public policys moral and conceptual dimensions that already-existing think tanks gave to its economic, sociological, and political dimensions. In 1976 they persuaded the University of Maryland to host the nucleus of what became the Center (now Institute) for Philosophy and Public Policy. The new center devised a research model that brought policymakers into contact with philosophers and other scholars in working groups that produced timely essays on difficult policy questions. To broaden its reach, the center created a quarterly report (now Philosophy & Public Policy Quarterly) that goes to nearly twelve thousand subscribers. From these modest beginnings a quarter century ago, the Institute for Philosophy and Public Policy currently houses ten research scholars who pursue multifaceted research programs, author numerous books, articles, and reports, and organize interdisciplinary conferences and workshops. Through its publications and its web site, the Institute seeks to contribute to public discussion and deliberationessential constituents of a healthy democracy. Grant awards from foundations and government agencies support these diverse undertakings.
To this day, most studies concerned with public policy are empirical: they assess costs, describe constituencies, and gather data with the goal of making predictions. Though the Institute frames its research questions by looking carefully at empirical data, its work is primarily conceptual and normative. It investigates the structure of arguments and the nature of values relevant to the formation, justification, and criticism of public policy. The Institute examines topics of current interest as well as those that promise to be central to public policy debates in coming years. Research is conducted both by individual resident scholars and by interdisciplinary working groups. Some projects bring together academics and practitioners, including government officials and civic leaders.
The founding of the Institute for Philosophy and Public Policy not only reflected, but also itself contributed to, the revival of practical philosophy. In 1976 the Institute stood almost alone as a university-based center dedicated to clarifying the moral dimensions of a broad range of public issues. Today, numerous such institutions thrive; many are university-based, others freestanding. The Association for Practical and Professional Ethics, founded in the early 1990s, boasts more than seventy-five institutional and nearly five hundred individual members.
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