James Worrall is Associate Professor in International Relations and Middle East Studies at the University of Leeds.
James Worrall has produced the most definitive account regarding the history of Anglo-Omani relations. Rich in detail yet nuanced in interpretation, this book will be invaluable to all those who want to understand why the Sultanate of Oman has developed in the way that it has, and how these ties both strategic and economic have managed to endure for so long.
Clive Jones, Professor of Regional Security, Durham University
Thoroughly researched and authoritative an incisive diplomatic history covering a hitherto neglected aspect of postwar British foreign policy.
Diplomacy and Statecraft
STATEBUILDING AND COUNTERINSURGENCY IN OMAN
Political, Military and Diplomatic Relations at the End of Empire
JAMES WORRALL
Paperback edition published in 2018 by
I.B.Tauris & Co. Ltd
London New York
www.ibtauris.com
Hardback edition first published in 2014 by
I.B.Tauris & Co. Ltd
Copyright 2014 James Worrall
The right of James Worrall to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by the author in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or any part thereof, may not be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
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References to websites were correct at the time of writing.
ISBN: 978 1 78831 116 8
eISBN: 978 1 78672 382 6
ePDF: 978 1 78673 382 5
A full CIP record for this book is available from the British Library
A full CIP record is available from the Library of Congress
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: available
Printed and bound by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY
In Memoriam
G.D.L, E.W & D.F.H
We set out thereafter for the land of Oman, and after travelling for six days through desert country we reached it on the seventh. It is fertile, with streams, trees, orchards, palm groves and abundant fruit of various kinds
Ibn Battutah
He is a tall, stout and noble looking man, with a benevolent countenance... and appears to wish to be considered as an Englishman in everything. The English, he says, he looks upon as brothers, and will willingly give them his country
Captain Henry Hart RN, on Sayyid Said, Sultan of Oman, r.1804-1856
CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
An undertaking of this nature requires the involvement and support of many people and it is a pleasure to acknowledge their help here. Firstly I wish to thank my PhD supervisors who inspired the research upon which this book is based: Professor Clive Jones and Dr Neil Winn have given me tremendous support and guidance from start to finish, and have continued to do so since completion. I could not have wished for better supervision and will remain in their debt. I also wish to thank Caroline Wise for essential help with the more practical administrative details of university life. The kindness of staff at archives and libraries will not be forgotten. Thanks also to Professor Alice Hills and Dr Georgina Sinclair for their help and advice. A mis compaeros de oficina Adam, Chris y Hector for the always enlightening discussions and general distractions from work. My other friends and fellow PhD students: Naomi Head, Wali Aslam, Helene Dyrhauge, Simon Mabon and Alam Saleh for the many and varied chats, help with everything under the sun and some great memories.
In Oman my friend Ali al-Hashli who gave me many insights into modern Oman, how Omanis see their own past and of course for taking me to see the places I was writing about. Omanis are said to be the most hospitable people on earth and Ali and his family more than lived up to that reputation. In Dhofar, my thanks go to Mahad for his kindness and hospitality. Those people who kindly agreed to be interviewed helped to bring the archive documents to life and added a new dimension to my understanding. My thanks especially to Sir Donald and Lady Hawley who were so welcoming and tolerant of my many questions.
I would also like to thank my grandparents who always remained interested in my studies and provided some of the financial means needed to embark on this project. Most of all though, my parents made this whole thing possible, without their support in all its myriad forms I would not have got to this point and would not be who I am. Thanks for everything, always.
At I.B.Tauris my thanks go to Jo Godfrey for seeing the potential in my book proposal and for getting it accepted with such alacrity and especially to my editor Maria Marsh for her kindness and patience when what should have been a matter of a few weeks to deliver the manuscript unexpectedly turned into many months. I would also like to thank Major D. J. Cuthbertson and Trish Sole for the permission to include photographs from their time in Oman during the 1970s.
This book is dedicated to those who fought in Dhofar when no one was looking and secured for Oman the stable future which it is still enjoying and is in memory of both Sir Donald Hawley, who played such a key role in co-ordinating the effort, and my grandfathers who sadly did not see this book published.
ABBREVIATIONS
ADDF | Abu Dhabi Defence Force |
ADS | Air Defence Scheme |
AIOC | Anglo-Iranian Oil Company |
AL | Arab League |
ANM | Arab Nationalist Movement |
BATT | British Army Training Team |
BBME | British Bank of the Middle East b/d or bpd Barrels Per Day |
BFAP | British Forces Arabian Peninsula |
BFPG | British Forces Persian Gulf |
CBFG | Commander British Forces Gulf |
CENTO | Central Treaty Organisation |
CAT | Civil Aid Team (Dhofar) |
CDS | Chief of the Defence Staff |
CGS | Chief of the General Staff |
CoS | Chiefs of Staff |
CPRS | Central Policy Review Staff |
CSAF | Commander Sultans Armed Forces |
CSOAF | Commander Sultan of Omans Air Force |
CSON | Commander Sultan of Omans Navy |
DCA | Dhofar Charitable Association |
DIO | District Intelligence Officer |
DOPC | Defence and Overseas Policy Committee |
FO | Foreign Office |
FCO | Foreign & Commonwealth Office |
FST | Field Surgical Team |
GPMG | General Purpose Machine Gun |
HMG | Her Majestys Government |
IBRD | International Bank of Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) |
IIBG | Imperial Iranian Battle Group |
IITF | Imperial Iranian Task Force |
IMF | International Monetary Fund |