Shaul Shay - The Axis of Evil: Iran, Hizballah, and the Palestinian Terror
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- Book:The Axis of Evil: Iran, Hizballah, and the Palestinian Terror
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In the nearly 25 years since the ascent of an Islamic regime, Iran has become one of the most prominent supporters of terror worldwide. Today Iran actively employs terror to achieve its international objectives. The Axis of Evil outlines the operations and goals of Shiite and Iranian terror. As Shaul Shay shows, Iran has done its utmost to conceal its involvement in terror activities and avoids leaving incriminating fingerprints that might prompt retaliatory action by victims of this terrorism. In consequence, most of what we know about Iranian terror activity has been gleaned from the capture and trials of Iranian terrorists or terrorists acting on Irans behalf.The Axis of Evil deals extensively with Irans involvement in terrorist activity against Israel through Hizballah after the Israel Defense Forces withdrawal from Lebanon (May 2000) and the instigation of the Al-Aksa Intifada (September 2000-2003). It examines Irans attitude towards the State of Israel since the rise of Knomeini, confirming that Iran sees Israel as a primary source of the worlds wrongdoings and the epitome of evil. In turn, Israel has become one of Irans archenemies. Over the years, Iran has strengthened its ideological links with radical Arab and Palestinian circles. In addition, it actively supports Hizballah, which acts on behalf of Iran from its base in Lebanon and perpetrates terror attacks against Israel and against representatives of Western and Arab countries in Lebanon as well as in the international arena.This book is a comprehensive and in-depth study of Shiite and Iranian terror activity. In addition to drawing attention to the significance of Irans contributions to terror, it provides readers with a better understanding of Irans activities in light of the global war against terrorism as well as the deployment of American troops along Irans borders with Afghanistan and Iraq.
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The
AXIS
of
EVIL
AXIS
of
EVIL
The
AXIS
of
EVIL
AXIS
of
EVIL
Iran,
Hizballah,
and the
Palestinian Terror
Hizballah,
and the
Palestinian Terror
Shaul Shay
The Interdisciplinary Center, Herzliya
The International Policy Institute for Counter-Terrorism
First published 2005 by Transaction Publishers
Published 2017 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
Copyright 2005 by The Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya Projects Ltd.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Library of Congress Catalog Number: 2004058039
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Shai, Shaul.
[Tsir ha-resha. English]
The axis of evil : Iran, Hizballah, and Palestinian terror / Shaul Shay.
p. : ill. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-7658-0255-4 (cloth : alk. paper)
The axis of evil : Iran, Hizballah, and Palestinian terror / Shaul Shay.
p. : ill. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-7658-0255-4 (cloth : alk. paper)
1. TerrorismGovernment policyIran. 2. State-sponsored terrorism
Iran. 3. Arab-Israeli conflict. 4. Hizballah (Lebanon) 5. ShiitesIran. 6.
IranForeign relations. I. Title.
Iran. 3. Arab-Israeli conflict. 4. Hizballah (Lebanon) 5. ShiitesIran. 6.
IranForeign relations. I. Title.
HV6433.I7S5313 2005
327.1170955dc22
2004058039
327.1170955dc22
2004058039
ISBN 13: 978-07658-0255-2 (hbk)
Contents
Tables
Figures
In the course of twenty-five years of Islamic rule (19792004), Iran has appeared to be a state that supports a radical foreign policy with no holds barred, including terror, in order to export the Islamic revolution and facilitate its political objectives. The use of terror as a tool to further political interests is not exclusive or unique to Iran, but there is no doubt that during the reviewed period Iran was among the most prominent countries to encourage terror and use it to realize its goals on the international level.
In a speech delivered in February 2002, U.S. President George Bush defined Iran as a member of the Axis of Evil that supports terror and is involved in an attempt to create weapons for mass destruction. Since the beginning of the 1980s, Iran has appeared on the U.S. State Departments list of states that support terror. Indeed, since the Islamic revolution in 1979, Iran was one of the leading countries to use terror to promote its objectives in the international arena.
This volume aspires to comprehend the motives behind Irans methodical use of terror as a tool to achieve its international goals, and strives to elaborate the way that terror is actively integrated into achieving of these goals. It discusses the issue of Iranian state-supported terror from as wide an angle as possible, and does not limit itself to the Israeli aspect and the connection to the Arab-Israeli conflict. The study emphasizes that Iran views terror as an effective tool to further its objectives, as a substitute for or supplementary measure to diplomatic processes, and that terror constitutes a legitimate means in the Iranian regimes battle against its external and internal rivals and enemies. From an in-depth analysis of terror attacks perpetrated during the reviewed period (19802003), based on data provided by research institutes and publications in the media, it is possible to point to hundreds of international attacks perpetrated by Iranian entities or Shiite/Palestinian-sponsored organizations (on an average, slightly more than one attack per month over a period that exceeds twenty years). This study analyzes the phenomenon of Iranian and Shiite terror according to these characteristics:
The ideological and religious background vis--vis the use of terror, and the Iranian intelligence and terror agencies;
The various categories of Iranian state terror (terror perpetrated against foreign targets on Iranian soil, Iranian terror worldwide, and particularly Iranian terror via proxy);
The modi operandi of the Iranian and Shiite terror (suicide attacks, attacks against aviation targets, attacks via explosive devices, assassinations, and the kidnapping of hostages;
The targets of Iranian terror.
The following restrictions and reservations apply to the current study: First, it is very difficult to provide a full description of Iranian and Shiite terror due to the lack of official and recorded data and because of attempts made by the perpetrators of terror attacks to cover their tracks. Moreover, a police investigation of a terror incident sometimes takes an extremely long time, and as a result, the identity of the suspected perpetrators changes. In addition, during the Iran-Iraq war, Iran and its proxies perpetrated hundreds of terror attacks against Iraqi targets, but this activity was often incorporated within the ongoing development of the war. Thus, the statistics in this study do not include these activities, with the exception of terror activities perpetrated against Iraq outside of its boundaries as well as terror activity perpetrated in Iraq after the war. We will also refrain from analyzing terror attacks perpetrated by the Hizballah organization against the Israel Defense Forces during the period that it was stationed in Lebanon.
Nevertheless, the issue of Iranian and Shiite terror against Israel is discussed at length on four main levels:
Irans approach to Israel and the Israel-Arab conflict;
Attacks against Israeli and Jewish targets abroad;
Attacks against Israel after its withdrawal from Lebanon (May 2000);
Iranian and Hizballah involvement in the Al Aksa Intifada (starting from September 2000).
As stated earlier, Iranian terror activity is perpetrated judiciously. Iran endeavors to leave no fingerprints that might identify it as the force behind the terror activities. Moreover, in public declarations the Iranian leadership expresses its reservations regarding terror and condemns it; this is also true of sponsored organizations such as the Hizballah. Irans attempt to conceal the terror activities that it perpetrates enables it to extract the maximum benefit from this activity. On the one hand, this prevents the terror victim from retaliating, while on the other, Iran sometimes presents itself as a mediator attempting to achieve a compromise between the victim and the terror organization. Using this method, Iran attains its goals from both directions.
Most of the information that has exposed Irans involvement in terror activities has come to light after perpetrators of acts of terror were apprehended and brought to trial, as the result of comprehensive intelligence investigations of terror attacks worldwide, and following the perpetration of acts of terror where the claiming of responsibility by the responsible organizations included declarations and/or demands that clearly reflected an Iranian link between terror activity and Iranian foreign policy. Particularly evident is the consistent and methodical usage of terror in order to force other countries to accept Iranian demands after regular diplomatic channels failed to achieve these goals. Nevertheless, although Iranian terror policy may be portrayed as a rational and sober method to achieve Iranian goals, it is important to point out several other phenomena that have significant impact on the formulation of Iranian policy:
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