Stanford University Press
Stanford, California
2011 by the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University.
All rights reserved.
No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system without the prior written permission of Stanford University Press.
Special discounts for bulk quantities of Stanford Security Studies are available to corporations, professional associations, and other organizations. For details and discount information, contact the special sales department of Stanford University Press.
Tel: (650) 736-1782,
Fax: (650) 736-1784
Printed in the United States of America on acid-free, archival-quality paper
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Dunigan, Molly.
Victory for hire: private security companies impact on military effectiveness / Molly Dunigan.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-8047-7458-1 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-8047-7459-8 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-8047-7741-4 (electronic)
1. Private military companies. 2. Private security services. 3. Military policy. I. Title.
UA13.5.D86 2011
355.3'5dc22
2010035617
Typeset by Thompson Type in 10/14 Minion
ABBREVIATIONS
ABC American Broadcasting Corporation
1AD First Armored Division
AOR Area of Responsibility
APC All Peoples Congress
BAPSC British Association of Private Security Companies
BW GPSOI Blackwater Global Peacekeeping & Stability Operations Institute
CATT Command, Administration, and Training Team
CBS Columbia Broadcasting System (now CBS Corporation, a major U.S. television network)
CF Coalition Forces
CIA Central Intelligence Agency
CIDG Civilian Irregular Defense Group
COIN Counterinsurgency
CONOC Contractor Operations Cell
CONUS Continental United States
CRC CONUS Replacement Center
CRG Control Risks Group
DoD (U.S.) Department of Defense
DoS (U.S.) Department of State
DIA Defense Intelligence Agency
DS Defense Science Board
DSL Defence Systems Limited
DTAP Democracy Transition Assistance Program
ECOMOG Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group
EO Executive Outcomes
EODT Explosive Ordnance Disposal Technology
FCO (British) Foreign and Commonwealth Office
FDFA (Swiss) Federal Department of Foreign Affairs
FSLN Sandinista National Liberation Front
GAO Government Accountability Office (Formerly the General Accounting Office)
HV Hrvatska Vojska (Croatian Armed Forces)
ICDC Iraqi Civil Defense Corps
ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross
IDF Israeli Defense Forces
IHL International Humanitarian Law
IPOA International Peace Operations Association
IR International Relations
ISF Iraqi Security Forces
ISOA International Stability Operations Association
ITAR International Transfer of Arms Regulations
JNA Jugoslovenska Narodna Armija (Yugoslav Peoples Army)
KBR Kellogg, Brown, & Root
KMS Keenie Meenie Services
LAF Lebanese Armed Forces
LN Local National
MCM Manual for Courts Martial
MEJA Military Extraterritorial Jurisdiction Act
MNF Multi-National Forces
MNF-I Multi-National Force-Iraq
MoD Ministry of Defense
MPRI Military Professional Resources Incorporated
MRE Military Readiness Exercise
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NBC National Broadcasting Corporation
NPR National Public Radio
OAU Organization of African Unity
OEF Operation Enduring Freedom
OIF Operation Iraqi Freedom
OOTW Operations Other Than War
PCO Project Contracting Office
PKSOI Peacekeeping & Stability Operations Institute
PLO Palestinian Liberation Organization
PMC Private Military Company
PMF Private Military Firm
PMSC Private Military & Security Company
POW Prisoner of War
PRT Provincial Reconstruction Team
PSC Private Security Company
PSD Personal Security Detail
QRF Quick-Reaction Force
RMA Revolution in Military Affairs
ROC Reconstruction Operations Center
RSO Regional Security Office
RUF Revolutionary United Front
SAS Special Air Services
SIGIR Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction
SIRs Serious Incident Reports
SLPP Sierra Leone Peoples Party
SMTJ Special Maritime & Territorial Jurisdiction
SOFs Special Operations Forces
SR Sponsored Reserve
S&R Stability & Reconstruction
SSTR Stability, Security, Transition, & Reconstruction
TCN Third-Country National
TOW Tube-launched, Optically tracked, Wire-guided (antitank missiles
TRADOC Training & Doctrine Command
UAV Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
UCMJ Uniform Code of Military Justice
UK United Kingdom
UN United Nations
UNAMSIL United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone
US United States
USCENTCOM United States Central Command