Geertje A. Nijeholt - Womens Movements and Public Policy in Europe, Latin America, and the Caribbean

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Womens Movements and Public Policy in Europe, Latin America, and the Caribbean

Gender, Culture, and Global Politics Volume 2
Garland Reference Library of Social Science Volume 1128

Gender, Culture, and Global Politics Chandra Talpade Mohanty, Series Editor

Interventions
Feminist Dialogues on Third World
Womens Literature and Film
edited by Bishnupriya Ghosh
and Brinda Bose

Womens Movements
and Public Policy
in Europe, Latin America,
and the Caribbean
edited by Geertje Lycklama a Nijeholt,
Virginia Vargas, and Saskia Wieringa

Womens Movements and Public Policy in Europe, Latin America, and the Caribbean

Edited by
Geertje Lycklama Nijeholt,
Virginia Vargas, and Saskia Wieringa

First published 1998 by Garland publishing, Inc.

Published 2019 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon 0X14 4RN
52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright 1998 by Geertje Lycklama a Nijeholt, Virginia Vargas, and Saskia Wieringa

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Womens movements and public policy in Europe, Latin America, and the Caribbean / edited by Geertje Lycklama Nijeholt, Virginia Vargas, and Saskia Wieringa.

p. cm. (Gender, culture, and global politics ; v. 2) (Garland reference library of social science ; v. 1128)

Includes bibliographical references (p. ).

ISBN 0-8153-2479-0 (alk. paper)

1. Women in politicsCross-cultural studies. 2. Women in politics Case studies. 3. FeminismCross-cultural studies. 4. Feminism History. I. Lycklama a Nijeholt, G. (Geertje) II. Vargas, Virginia. III. Wieringa, Saskia, 1950- . IV. Series. V. Series: Garland reference library of social science ; v. 1128.

HQ1236.W6523 1998

305.42dc21

97-13518

CIP

Cover photograph of the 1991 World Womens Congress for a Healthy Planet provided courtesy of the Womens Environment and Development Organization.

ISBN 13: 978-0-8153-2479-9 (hbk)

Contents

Virginia Vargas and Saskia Wieringa

Geertje Lycklama Nijeholt, Joke Swiebel and Virginia Vargas

Hermione McKenzie

Jeanine Anderson

Jacqueline Pitanguy

Marta Lamas

Natacha Molina G.

Joyce Outshoorn and Joke Swiebel

Beatrice Halsaa

The United Nations Fourth International Conference on Women in Beijing (September 1995) prompts me to think about what feminists have achieved after more than four decades of organizing around issues of social and economic justice for women. I realize that civil rights are not the same as economic justice. While issues such as health, nutrition, reproductive rights, violence, misogyny, and womens poverty and labor struggles have achieved widespread global recognition, women still constitute the worlds poor and the majority of the worlds refugees. The so-called structural adjustment policies of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank continue to have a devastating impact on Third World women. Militarization, environmental degradation, heterosexist state practices, religious fundamentalism, and the exploitation of poor womens labor by multinationals all pose profound challenges for feminists as we look toward the twenty-first century.

While feminists across the globe have been variously successful, we inherit a number of challenges our mothers and grandmothers faced. But there are also new challenges as we attempt to make sense of a world indelibly marked by the failure of postcolonial capitalist and communist nation-states to provide for the social, economic, spiritual, and psychic needs of the majority of the worlds population. At the end of the twentieth century, globalization has come to represent the interests of the free market rather than self-determination and freedom from political, cultural, and economic domination for all the worlds peoples.

These are some of the challenges addressed by the Garland series GENDER, CULTURE, AND GLOBAL POLITICS. It takes as its fundamental premises (1) the need for feminist engagement with global as well as local ideological, economic, and political processes and (2) the urgency of transnational dialogue in building an ethical culture capable of withstanding and transforming the commodified and exploitative practices of global culture and economics. The series foregrounds the necessity of comparative feminist analysis and scholarship and seeks to forge direct links between analysis, (self)reflection, and organizing. Individual volumes in the series provide systematic and challenging interventions into the (still) largely Eurocentric and Western womens studies knowledge base, while simultaneously highlighting the work that can and needs to be done to envision and enact crosscultural, multiracial feminist solidarity.

The second volume in the series, Women's Movements and Public Policy in Europe, Latin America, and the Caribbean, evaluates the achievements made by women in transforming political landscapes and enacting local and global feminist solidarity. Using the metaphor of the triangle of empowerment as an analytic framework to articulate the mutually entangled relationships between the womens movement, feminist politicians, and feminist civil servants (femocrats), the editors provide a unique point of entry into debates about the state and civil society at the end of the twentieth century. In linking the various levels (local, national, regional, global) of feminist movements over four decades into a rich and evocative tapestry of national and transnational struggles for economic and social justice, this collection of essays embodies the spirit of comparative feminist praxis that informs GENDER, CULTURE, AND GLOBAL POLITICS.

Case studies from Brazil, Chile, Peru, Jamaica, Mexico, The Netherlands, and Norway sharpen our understanding of the histories and strategies of womens struggles for participation in the public sphere and in democratic processes of governance. However, it is the weaving of these case studies into a larger transnational history of feminist struggles that illuminates the real utility of the concept of the triangle of empowerment and allows the contributing authors to examine some of the most crucial issues facing women today: the meanings of democracy, justice, and citizenship for all peoples. Thus, one valuable contribution this book makes is to extend and challenge our understanding of citizenship rights for women in regional and in transnational contexts. Womens citizenship rights and democratic visions are analyzed in several arenas: clarifying the linkages between the common and contradictory social interests of the various actors in the triangle of empowerment; examining the concepts and strategies of autonomy and solidarity in feminist movements for justice; and mapping the interplay of state power in and through social movements and administrative bureaucracies.

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