Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies
War by Others Means: Delivering Effective Partner Force Capacity Building
First published 2020
Whitehall Papers series
Series Editor: Professor Malcolm Chalmers
Editor: Emma De Angelis
RUSI is a Registered Charity (No. 210639)
ISBN [978-0-367-76640-5]
Published on behalf of the Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies
by
Routledge Journals, an imprint of Taylor & Francis, 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon OX14 4RN
Cover image: Courtesy of Jack Watling
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Jack Watling is Research Fellow for Land Warfare at RUSI. Jack has recently conducted studies of deterrence against Russia, force modernisation, partner force capacity building, the future of corps operations, the future of fires and Iranian strategic culture. He has a PhD from Birkbeck University, with a thesis that examined the evolution of Britains policy responses to civil war in the early 20th century. Prior to joining RUSI he worked in Iraq, Mali, Rwanda, Brunei and further afield. Originally a journalist, he has contributed to Reuters, The Atlantic, Foreign Policy, The Guardian, Janes Intelligence Review and Haaretz, among others. Jack was shortlisted for the European Press Prize Distinguished Writing Award in 2016, and won the Breakaway Award at the International Media Awards in 2017.
Nick Reynolds is the Research Analyst for Land Warfare at RUSI. His research interests include land power, wargaming and simulation. Prior to joining RUSI, he worked for Constellis. He holds a BA in War Studies and an MA in Conflict, Security and Development from Kings College London. During his time there, he was Head of Operations of the KCL Crisis Team, which organises large-scale crisis-simulation events.
The liberation of Mosul and recapture of Raqqa from the Islamic State were two of the most costly and fiercely contested battles of the 21st century so far. The Mosul operation took 90,000 troops nine months to complete, This has cemented partner force capacity building as a favoured policy option to achieve military objectives.
Dominic Nicholls, Will Britain Win a Future War, Daily Telegraph, 23 January 2020.
Office of the Secretary of Defense, Department of Defense Budget Fiscal Year (FY) 2018: Justification for FY 2018 Overseas Contingency Operations (OCO): Counter-Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) Train and Equip Fund (CTEF), May 2017, p. 5.
Jeff Schogol, US-Backed Group in Syria Says it Suffered More Than 11,000 Killed and 21,000 Wounded Fighting ISIS, Task and Purpose, 25 March 2019.
Hew Strachan and Ruth Harris, The Utility of Military Force and Public Understanding in Todays Britain, Research Report, RAND Europe, 2020.
For UK figures, see Ministry of Defence (MoD), Biannual UK Armed Forces and UK Entitled Civilians Operational Casualty and Fatality Statistics 1 June 2011 to 31 March 2020, 21 May 2020, p. 4.
The contrast between the failure of recent large, expeditionary counterinsurgency operations and the apparent success of a number of low-profile operations carried out by, with and through local partners has sparked a renewed interest in a wide range of indirect military strategies. Whether framed as proxy warfare, in practice these operations amount to the deployment of small, specialist liaison teams tasked with sharing skills, knowledge and capabilities to encourage non-sovereign forces to risk their lives to support the patrons interests.
Andrew Mumford, Proxy Warfare: War and Conflict in the Modern World (Oxford: Polity, 2013); Amos Fox, Conflict and the Need for a Theory of Proxy Warfare, Journal of Strategic Studies (Vol. 12, No. 1, 2019), pp. 4471.
Jim Garamone, Building Capabilities, Nurturing Alliances at Heart of U.S. Strategy, Department of Defense news, 27 June 2019, , accessed 9 June 2020.
Matthew Fontaine, 1st SFAB Uncases Colors, Begins Train, Advise, Assist Mission in Afghanistan, US Army Training and Doctrine Command news, 22 March 2018, , accessed 9 June 2020.
Including Remote Warfare. See Oxford Research Group, The Remote Warfare Programme, , accessed 9 June 2020.
In the UK, this indirect approach is becoming the foremost priority in defence. In 2020, the Ministry of Defence (MoD) published the Integrated Operating Concept (IOpC), which incorporates the Specialised Infantry Group (Spec Inf Gp), tasked with generating long-term training missions.
Development, Concepts, and Doctrine Centre, MoD, Defence Integrated Operating Concept, September 2020, , accessed 20 October 2020.