Red Adriatic
Westview Special Studies
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About the Book and Author
All' European Communist parties define themselves largely in terms of their relationship, amicable or not, to the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Consequently, most studies of relations between Communist parties emphasize interactions with the Soviets. However, not all the smaller European Communist parties interact strictly through the medium of Moscow.
There exists an extensive, genuinely bilateral aspect to the relationship between Italian and Yugoslav Communists. Both have tended to seek distinctively national paths and, to differing degrees, both have been at odds with the Soviets. The history of Italo-Yugoslav nationality and border disputes, as well as major differences in how the two Communist parties have approached those disputes, has done much to condition inter-party relations.
Red Adriatic is the first book to focus on relations between Communist parties in adjacent countries. As such, it offers insights, both practical and theoretical, into problems of inter-party relations. Based on archival sources, as well as on published materials, it also contributes to the individual historiographies of the Italian and Yugoslav Communist parties. The study speaks to several issues in comparative Communist studies, contrasting the different ways in which the two parties have adapted to national circumstances, balancing nationalism and internationalism, and to their different leadership styles.
Eric R. Terzuolo is a Foreign Service Officer, currently serving at the U.S. Embassy in Rome.
To my parents
Red Adriatic
The Communist Parties of Italy and Yugoslavia
Eric R. Terzuolo
First published 1985 by Westview Press, Inc.
Published 2019 by Routledge
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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Terzuolo, Eric R.
Red Adriatic.
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
1. Partito comunista italiano. 2. Savez komunista Jugoslavije. 3. Communism--Italy. 4. Communism--Yugoslavia. I. Title.
JN5657.C63T39 1985 324.245'075 85-15310
ISBN 13: 978-0-367-28523-4 (hbk)
Relations between Communist parties have been the subject of considerable attention/ both scholarly and journalistic. Virtually all writing on the subject has emphasized ties between a given party and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, or, in a few cases, the Chinese Communist Party. This should not lead us to assume automatically, however, that relations between Communist parties may be described completely by correlating each one's relationship to the Soviet party. In certain cases an exploration of direct intercourse between smaller national parties may be instructive.
The Communist parties of Italy and Yugoslavia present the possibility of such a study. Both have been strong parties, playing major or decisive roles within their respective countries. The balance between them is more nearly equal than that between either one and the Soviet party, although the Yugoslav party has, of course, acquired a degree of political power that the Italian Communists have yet to approach. Both parties currently are recognized for distinctiveness of approach, and have demonstrated varying degrees of independence with respect to the Soviets. Furthermore, the Italians and Yugoslavs are on the Communist "right wing," somewhat close to European socialist parties, and they have been intensely concerned with adapting to national circumstances.
As each has struggled to become more truly "national," it has had to confront questions involving a perceived national interest standing outside the boundaries of class analysis. One example is the Italo-Yugoslav territorial dispute generally referred to as the Trieste Question. Italian and Yugoslav Communists approached the Question in radically different ways, revealing significant distinctions in how each fused Marxism with national considerations. The fact that the Yugoslavs ascribed a far greater role to traditional nationalism did much to shape relations with the Italian party throughout the period under consideration. Overall, ties between the Yugoslav and Italian Communists say a great deal about the nature and extent of each party's progress toward "national communism."
In the course of research one accumulates many debts of gratitude. The International Research and Exchanges Board funded most of what became a research trip to Italy in 1979, after the Yugoslav government effectively denied me a research permit. I would like to thank Lucia Capodilupo for her patient support. The Department of History at Stanford University, through the David Harris Fellowships and Weter Grants, provided for completion of the research and the actual writing of the dissertation on which this study is based.