Clemens Spiess - Democracy and Party Systems in Developing Countries: A Comparative Study of India and South Africa

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Democracy and Party Systems in Developing Countries

This book examines and compares the emergence, development and impact of the party systems in post-colonial India and post-apartheid South Africa. It sheds light on the crucial role and function of party systems in democratising developing countries.

Although often described as political miracles or empirical anomalies, both countries actually figure prominently in party system and democratic theory due to their regional importance and the important role the party system plays in their political trajectory. The author employs a diachronic comparison of the two party systems, with a distinct focus on the role of party agency in the shaping and maintenance of one-party-dominance and on the role of the two party systems as independent variables. Highlighting the similarities and differences between the two systems, he examines whether the lessons learned from the Indian experience, in terms of the function and effects of the countrys post-independent party system and the role of party agency therein, are applicable to South Africa.

This book will be of interest to academics working in the field of democracy, comparative politics and development in general, and South Africa and South Asia in particular.

Clemens Spiess is lecturer at the University of Heidelbergs South Asia Institute, Germany. His research interests include comparative politics, party theory and the politics of South Asia and Southern Africa.

Routledge Advances in South Asian Studies

Edited by Subrata K. Mitra
South Asia Institute, University of Heidelberg, Germany

South Asia, with its burgeoning, ethnically diverse population, soaring economies, and nuclear weapons, is an increasingly important region in the global context. The series, which builds on this complex, dynamic and volatile area, features innovative and original research on the region as a whole or on the countries. Its scope extends to scholarly works drawing on history, politics, development studies, sociology and economics of individual countries from the region as well as those that take an interdisciplinary and comparative approach to the area as a whole or to a comparison of two or more countries from this region. In terms of theory and method, rather than basing itself on any one orthodoxy, the series draws broadly on the insights germane to area studies, as well as the tool kit of the social sciences in general, emphasising comparison, the analysis of the structure and processes, and the application of qualitative and quantitative methods. The series welcomes submissions from established authors in the field as well as from young authors who have recently completed their doctoral dissertations.

1. Perception, Politics and Security in South Asia
   The Compound Crisis of 1990
   P. R. Chari, Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema and Stephen Philip Cohen
   
2. Coalition Politics and Hindu Nationalism
   Edited by Katharine Adeney and Lawrence Saez
   
3. The Puzzle of Indias Governance
   Culture, context and comparative theory
   Subrata K. Mitra
   
4. Indias Nuclear Bomb and National Security
   Karsten Frey
   
5. Starvation and Indias Democracy
   Dan Banik
   
6. Parliamentary Control and Government Accountability in South Asia
   A comparative analysis of Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka
   Taiabur Rahman
   
7. Political Mobilisation and Democracy in India
   States of emergency
   Vernon Hewitt
   
8. Military Control in Pakistan
   The parallel state
   Mazhar Aziz
   
9. Sikh Nationalism and Identity in a Global Age
   Giorgio Shani
   
10. The Tibetan Government-in-Exile
    Politics at large
    Stephanie Roemer
    
11. Trade Policy, Inequality and Performance in Indian
    Manufacturing
    Kunal Sen
    
12. Democracy and Party Systems in Developing Countries
    A comparative study of India and South Africa
    Clemens Spiess

Democracy and Party Systems in Developing Countries

A comparative study of India and South Africa

Clemens Spiess

First published 2009
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2008.

To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledges collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.

2009 Clemens Spiess

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book has been requested

ISBN 0-203-88559-7 Master e-book ISBN

ISBN10: 0-415-46809-4 (hbk)
ISBN10: 0-203-88559-7 (ebk)

ISBN13: 978-0-415-46809-1 (hbk)
ISBN13: 978-0-203-88559-8 (ebk)

Illustrations

Figures

Analytical framework of a one-party-dominant system to be deployed

Percentage of votes of the INC relative to the largest non-Congress Party or coalition (Lok Sabha elections 19522004)

Party identification in South Africa, main parties (19942002; percentage of respondents who say they feel close to a party)

Electoral performance of the ANC and second largest party in National/Provincial (1994, 1999) and Local elections (19951996, 2000, 2006)

Basic (classic) structural chart of the INC

The tripartite alliances symbiotic and synergetic coherence during the 1990s

Basic organisational structure of the ANC

The Congress systems pattern of interaction between the dominant party and opposition parties

Number of riots per million population in India, 19521998

The circular mode of operation of the Congress system

Tables

Electoral data for India (19521967) and South Africa (19942004)

Selected indicators of socio-cultural differentiation in India (% of total)

How voting decisions are reached India 1967

Party identification (1967), Indian main parties (% of respondents who say they feel close to a party)

Lok Sabha elections (19521967), seats/vote share of main parties

Lok Sabha elections (19521967), seats/vote share of main parties by main States (with at least 18 seats)

Lok Sabha elections (19522004), % of valid vote cast/seats won by parties represented

Selected indicators of socio-cultural differentiation in South Africa

Population group-wise constitution of the ANCs and N(N)Ps vote in the general elections of 1994 and 1999

Electoral performance (% of votes) of main parties and seats won in South African National Assembly and Provincial Legislature elections (19941999)

Electoral performance (% of votes) of main parties and seats won in South African National Assembly elections 2004

South Africa: Opinion Poll 99 competence to run the national government

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