Mahmood Monshipouri - Democratic Uprisings in the New Middle East: Youth, Technology, Human Rights, and US Foreign Policy

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Democratic Uprisings in the
New Middle East

Mark A. Boyer and Shareen Hertel, Series Editors

International Studies Intensives (ISI) is a book series that springs from the desire to keep students engaged in the world around them. Books in the series address a wide array of topics in the international studies field, all devoted to getting students involved in the ways in which international events affect their daily lives. ISI books focus on innovative topics and approaches to study that cover popular and scholarly debates and employ new methods for presenting theories and concepts to students and scholars alike. ISI books pack a lot of information into a small spacethey are meant to offer an intensive introduction to subjects often left out of the curriculum. ISI books are relatively short, visually attractive, and affordably priced.

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Debra L. DeLaet and David E. DeLaet

Terminate Terrorism: Framing, Gaming, and Negotiating Conflicts, Karen A. Feste

Watching Human Rights, Mark Gibney

The Global Classroom: An Essential Guide to Study Abroad, Jeffrey S. Lantis and Jessica DuPlaga

Democratic Uprisings in the New Middle East: Youth, Technology, Human Rights,

and US Foreign Policy, Mahmood Monshipouri

Sixteen Million One: Understanding Civil War, Patrick M. Regan

People Count! Networked Individuals in Global Politics, James N. Rosenau

Paradoxes of Power: US Foreign Policy in a Changing World, David Skidmore

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Spirits Talking: Conversations on Right and Wrong in the Affairs of States, Stephen D. Wrage

Global Democracy and the World Social Forums, Second Edition

Jackie Smith and Marina Karides et al.

International Relations as Negotiation, Brian R. Urlacher

Democratic Uprisings in the
New Middle East

Youth, Technology, Human Rights, and
US Foreign Policy

Mahmood Monshipouri

First published 2014 by Paradigm Publishers

Published 2016 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright 2014, Taylor & Francis.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used
only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Monshipouri, Mahmood, 1952

Democratic uprisings in the new Middle East : youth, technology, human rights, and US
foreign policy / Mahmood Monshipouri.

pages cm. (International studies intensives)

Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-61205-135-2 (pbk. : alk. paper)
1. Arab Spring, 2010- 2. Political participation-Middle East. 3. Youth-Political

activity-Middle East. 4. Youth-Middle East-Social conditions. 5. Social media-Middle
East. 6. United States-Relations-Middle East. 7. Middle East-Relations-United States.
I. Title.

JQ1850.A91.M66 2013
909.097492708312-dc23

2013012792

ISBN 13 : 978-1-61205-134-5 (hbk)
ISBN 13 : 978-1-61205-135-2 (pbk)

Typeset by Straight Creek Bookmakers.

CONTENTS

A sweeping wave of rebellion in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) in 2011 has exposed the failure of conventional political processes as well as obsolete state institutions to produce substantive democratic change. Since 2011, a combination of civil disobedience, political activism and defiance, counterculture, and social networking has resulted in an unprecedented cascade of falling regimes across the region. Economic stagnation has unquestionably been a key driving force ehind democratic uprisingspopularly known as the Arab Springin the MENA region. High rates of unemployment and underemployment, especially among educated and young people, have led to nationwide opposition movements, spurring the regions burgeoning calls for democratic change. In addition to economic dynamics, one of the most obvious flaws of the Arab governments has been the failure of their educational method to prepare their students for the modern, informationage global economy.

The young Arabs who sparked these revolts often bore the consequences of the failed educational and political order. Today, the entire region faces antigovernment protests and dissent by a generation frustrated with their inability to find employment and freely express their opinions. As these protest movements demonstrate, the authoritarian populist social contract has come apart after many decades of mismanagement, nepotism, corruption, and political repression. The resulting unemployment and demographic youth bulge have marked the emergence of a new identity among the young Arabs encapsulated in the political slogan Ash-shab yurd isq an-nim: The people want the fall of the regime.

Yet, significantly missing from the flurry of coverage of the Arab Spring has been a more considered assessment of the role of emotion, solidarity, and online activism. There is little doubt that modern communication technologies have helped open up a new space for public debate, especially by providing marginalized classes with a more effective voice. In an age of instant communication, these technologies have made borders and boundaries disappear, invoking a broader sense of empathy and belonging to a groundswell of resistance against tyrannical regimes. The impetus for change has increasingly become a regional drive, galvanizing the people to act against authoritarianism and stagnation. Contrary to the view that modern technologies pose a menace to cultural norms and identities, these technologies have reignited the need for emotional solidarity, cultural bonds, and translocal identities.

Especially noteworthy is the extent to which these uprisings have been fueled by a demographic surge of young people unable to find employment and frustrated by the lack of freedom. Although modern technologies and social media may have brought new politics to the streets, organization on the ground trumps the enthusiasm of young protesters when it comes to shaping a countrys political future. How to turn elections into democracy in these post-conflict societies continues to be a daunting task, especially in countries with a long-standing history of military involvement in politics.

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