An ambitious book that carefully examines some selected major works of reactionary political thought, investigating them through the appeals of classical rhetoric logos, ethos, pathos and identifies in decadence, conspiracy, and indignation the peculiar rhetorical triangle of the reactionary discourse. Comparing modern and contemporary authors, Shorten succeeds in identifying theoretical continuities in the mare magnum of reactionary tradition.
Manuela Ceretta, Universit degli Studi di Torino
This is an ambitious, conceptually sophisticated, and highly original take on the hard Right, a topic of almost obsessive interest at present. Juxtaposing disparate examples from different eras, Shorten argues that reaction is what were dealing with and that rhetoric is the key to understanding it. And he makes a powerful case. So original a book on so fraught a topic is not likely to compel universal agreement, but even those who question this or that will profit from engaging the overall argument.
David D. Roberts, University of Georgia
In this strikingly original analysis, Richard Shorten casts reaction in a new light. By offering a rhetorical approach to an often inchoate but deeply-held collection of arguments and opinions, he identifies reactions distinct patterns and makes a powerful case for interpreting it as an ideology in its own right. Shortens knowledgeable and assiduously-researched book challenges contemporary scholarship and will deservedly claim its place as an imaginative and insightful decoding of right-wing thought.
Michael Freeden, Emeritus Professor of Politics, University of Oxford
The Ideology of Political Reactionaries
The Ideology of Political Reactionaries offers a new perspective on the beliefs reactionaries share, presenting a theory of reactionary ideology in the process. Rather than taking self-contradictions in the reactionary imagination as a reason for diminishment, complexity is taken as a challenge.
The book argues that the features that unite reactionaries lie in rhetoric. Reactionaries make three persuasive appeals: to decadence, conspiracy, and indignation. They also display some recurrent styles. The books rhetorical approach entails a critique of the alternative approaches to reactionary politics (dubbed as dispositional, sociological, and conceptual). At the heart of the book is the textual analysis of the writings of a range of figures who are chosen in deliberate diversity and who have interacted with political audiences in different eras and settings: Edmund Burke, Joseph de Maistre, Sarah Palin, Donald Trump, Adolf Hitler, ric Zemmour, Joe McCarthy, Anders Breivik, and Nigel Farage. Analysis of their writings helps the book to reckon with some particular puzzles of ideologies and rhetoric. These puzzles include the proximity of reactionaries to conservatism, the ambiguity of their nostalgia, the myth of their essential charisma, and the apparent fetishisation of facts.
The Ideology of Political Reactionaries ought to interest anyone concerned about current ideological trends and, in particular, students and scholars of politics and history.
Richard Shorten is Senior Lecturer in Political Theory at the University of Birmingham, United Kingdom. His research focuses on the history of modern political ideas, particularly in twentieth-century Europe. He is the author of Modernism and Totalitarianism (2012). He has written widely on topics relating to extremism and political violence.
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The Ideology of Political Reactionaries
Richard Shorten
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The Ideology of Political Reactionaries
Richard Shorten
First published 2022
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this title has been requested
ISBN: 978-1-03-212270-0 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-03-212510-7 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-00-322489-1 (ebk)
DOI: 10.4324/9781003224891
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They are therefore not revolutionary, but conservative. Nay more, they are reactionary, for they try to roll back the wheel of history
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Communist Manifesto
Contents
Preface and Acknowledgements
This book has two origins, one being a previous book entitled Modernism and Totalitarianism and the other being the spectacular and unexpected rise of new forces on the political Right in the early twenty-first century. The rise of these forces raises new questions about the history of the Right in retrospect. The angle pursued in the present book, The Ideology of Political Reactionaries, steers away from the dominant lens for trying to make sense of the new forces which has been populism and instead shifts the emphasis to the relatively underworked descriptive and evaluative category of reaction. Ideological mapping is the main activity which the book undertakes. Contemporary ideology studies is mobilised as a cross-disciplinary intellectual endeavour, so that in aspects the book takes its cue from political theory, from the history of ideas, from literary and cultural studies, but, above all, from rhetorical analysis and criticism. In this sense, what is presented is intended no less as a contribution to rhetorical inquiry as it is to ideology studies. In order to develop the overall and integrative theory of reactionary ideology which the book seeks, it is rhetorical inquiry which does the heavy lifting, in revealing to the observer the common internal pattern of the reactionary imagination which might otherwise remain obscure.