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Michael W. Collier - Political Corruption in the Caribbean Basin: Constructing a Theory to Combat Corruption

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Book:
Political Corruption in the Caribbean Basin: Constructing a Theory to Combat Corruption
Author:
Michael W Collier
Publisher:
Routledge
Genre:
Science / Politics
Year:
2005
City:
London
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Political Corruption in the Caribbean Basin: Constructing a Theory to Combat Corruption: summary, description and annotation

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Political corruption in the Caribbean Basin retards state economic growth and development, undermines government legitimacy, and threatens state security. In spite of recent anti-corruption efforts of intergovernmental and nongovernmental organizations (IGO/NGOs), Caribbean political corruption problems appear to be worsening in the post-Cold War period. This work discovers why IGO/NGO efforts to arrest corruption are failing by investigating the domestic and international causes of political corruption in the Caribbean.

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STUDIES IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Edited by

Charles MacDonald

Florida International University

A ROUTLEDGE SERIES

STUDIES IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

CHARLES MACDONALD, General Editor

PROMOTING WOMEN'S RIGHTS

The Politics of Gender in the European Union

Chrystalla A. Ellina

TURKISH FOREIGN POLICY AND TURKISH IDENTITY

A Constructivist Approach

Ycel Bozdaliolu

ORGANIZING THE WORLD

The United States and Regional Cooperation in Asia and Europe

Galia Press-Barnathan

HUMAN RIGHTS IN CUBA, EL SALVADOR AND NICARAGUA

A Sociological Perspective on Human Rights Abuse

Mayra Gmez

NEGOTIATING THE ARCTIC

The Construction of an International Region

E.C.H. Keskitalo

THE COMMON FISHERIES POLICY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION

A Study in Integrative and Distributive Bargaining

Eugnia da Conceio-Heldt

INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL TREATIES AND STATE BEHAVIOR

Factors Influencing Cooperation

Denise K. DeGarmo

POLITICAL CORRUPTION IN THE CARIBBEAN BASIN

CONSTRUCTING A THEORY TO COMBAT CORRUPTION

Michael W. Collier

Routledge
New York & London

First published 2005 by	Published in Great Britain by
Routledge	Routledge
270 Madison Avenue	2 Park Square
New York, NY 10016	Milton Park, Abingdon
www.routledge-ny.com	Oxon, OX14 4RN
www.routledge.co.uk

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group.

Transferred to Digital Printing 2009

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be printed or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, now know or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or any other information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.

Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Portions of previously appeared in:

Michael W. Collier, Failed Policy: Analyzing Inter-American Anticorruption Programs in Foreign Policy in a Constructed word, ed. Vendulka Kubalkova (Armok, NY: ME Sharpe, 2001), pp. 173-202. Copyright 2001 by M.E. Sharpe, Inc. Used by permission

Michael W. Collier, Explaining Corruption: An Institutional Choice Approach. Crime, Law, & Social Change Vol. 38, Issue 1 (2002), 132. (Kluwer Academic Publishers, used with kind permission of Spring Science and Business Media).

Library of Congress Cataloging-In-Publication Data

Collier, Michael W.

Political Corruption in the Caribbean Basin: Constructing a Theory to

Combat Corruption

p. cm. (East asia)

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN: 0-415-97328-7 (hardback)

1. Television broadcastingChina. 2. Television broadcastingJapan.

3. Television broadcasting policyChina. 4. Television broadcasting

policyJapan. 5. Nihon Hoso Kyokai. 6. Zhong yang dian shi tai

(Beijing, China) I. Title. II. Series: East Asia (New York, NY.)

PN1992.3.C6W48 2005
384.55095090511dc22	2004025355

ISBN: 0-415-97328-7 (hbk)

ISBN: 0-415-80492-2 (pbk)

ISBN: 978-0-415-97328-1 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-0-415-80492-9 (pbk)

To my wife Gloria.

Table of Contents

My first encounter with corruption in the Caribbean Basin occurred just after I began my United States Coast Guard career. On graduating from the U.S. Coast Guard Academy in 1974, I was assigned to the U.S. Coast Guard Cutter Dauntless (WMEC 624) at Miami Beach, Florida. Soon after I reported aboard Dauntless, we were dispatched to the Bahamian capital city of Nassau to retrieve several hundred pounds of seized marijuana that was needed for a court case in Miami. When we moored in Nassau the next day, we found that half the seized marijuana had been stolen the night before from the Bahamian Police jail cell where it was being stored. This was just the first of many personal encounters with Caribbean Basin official misconduct and corruption problems.

Caribbean Basin corruption was an ever-present factor during my career in the U.S. Coast Guard. I spent over 20 years involved in the Drug War, either aboard cutters conducting counter-drug patrols in the Caribbean or in staff jobs providing intelligence support to U.S. and allied counter-drug forces. It was standard practice to consider the corruption factor whenever planning maritime drug interdiction operations with Caribbean governments and before sharing sensitive information with Caribbean officials. It took considerable time to confirm who we could and could not trust in most Caribbean statesand sometimes we never figured it out.

The problem with corruption was especially evident during my assignment as the U.S. Coast Guard Attache in the U.S. Embassy in Bogota, Colombia, from 1990 to 1992. Corruption was everywhere in Colombia. Some of the corruption was understandable because of the meager salaries the Colombian government paid lower ranking military and civilian officials. Even simple interactions with the Colombian bureaucracy, like buying local car insurance, required a small bribe. It was common for Colombian National Police traffic officers to stop automobiles in hopes of extorting bribes in exchange for not issuing trumped-up traffic citations. We also experienced a seemingly endless flow of information into the U.S. Embassy about drug-related corruption in the Colombian military, police, and government agencies. A Colombian naval officer friend offered an explanation for this corruption:

The system makes us corrupt. Selection as a Colombian military or police officer is a ticket to a middle class lifestyle. The salary is not that great, but the social standing that comes with being an officer, plus benefits such as subsidized housing, commissaries, and officer clubs makes for a good life. Unfortunately, the military retirement system does not allow you to continue in this middle class existence after you leave the service. Therefore, to live well after retirement most military and police officers have three options: (1) marry money, (2) work yourself into several foreign assignments and save the inflated per diem [viaticos] that officers living outside Colombia are paid, or (3) be corrupt.

I found my Colombian Navy friend's explanation of his country's military and police corruption quite insightful. It applied equally to Colombian government civil servants who also seemed to be forced into corrupt behavior to prepare for retirement. These insights helped me understand the corrupt behavior of Colombian military, police, and government officials. It also made me wonder what structural factors contributed to the corruption of senior Colombian government officialspeople who were mostly from the wealthy upper and upper-middle classes and did not need the resources gained from corruption to ensure a comfortable retirement.

During my Colombia assignment, I also noticed the wide disparity in how U.S. government officials approached the corruption problem. I met numerous members of the U.S. law enforcement community who saw the

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