Sahadat Hossain - The Waste Crisis: Roadmap for Sustainable Waste Management in Developing Countries

1. Chapter 2
2. Chapter 3
3. Chapter 4
4. Chapter 5

1. Chapter 1
2. Chapter 2
3. Chapter 3
4. Chapter 4
5. Chapter 5

SAHADAT HOSSAIN

University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA

H. JAMES LAW

SCS Engineers, Raleigh, NC, USA

ARAYA ASFAW

Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

This edition first published 2022
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As the worlds population, and with it the amount of resources we consume, continues to grow, it becomes ever more important to properly manage the waste that is generated by this growth. With the expanding volume and complexity of discarded domestic and industrial waste, and changing household consumption patterns, waste management is fast becoming one of the key challenges for the modern society.

According to some estimates, up to 2 billion people lack access to sound waste management. Uncollected municipal waste that ends up at illegal or improper dumpsites close to waterways and coasts generates marine litter, affecting marine ecosystems as well as the fishing and tourism sectors. Marine litter is primarily caused by the improper management of waste on land, which finds its way into the marine environment. Dumpsites, again caused by the improper collection and management of waste, can be sources of greenhouse gases and other shortlived climate pollutants. It is therefore recognized that the inadequate removal and treatment of waste poses multiple threats to human health and the environment. Particularly in low and middleincome countries, open dumping and burning close to urban centers represent a substantial threat to human health and climate. However, advanced economies have shown that through effective waste management it is possible to significantly reduce these impacts and even, through recirculation of the materials in waste back into the production of new goods, minimize the broader impacts associated with consumption. Hence, the proper management of waste and resources is critical to successfully realizing several of the Sustainable Development Goals set out by the UN in 2015.

A sound and sustainable waste management system is a fine balance of a number of elements technical, legislative, financial and business carefully planned to unlock the economic potential of waste, including the creating of new jobs and development of new enterprises.

This series of books will address a range of topics that are integral to sound waste management systems. This will include technical solutions for waste collection and treatment, as well as addressing financing opportunities and the value of waste management, organizational and management challenges, and policy development and enforcement. The books will emphasize the need to adopt a holistic view of waste management by considering the total waste system, and then developing the most appropriate mix of infrastructure and services to manage the specific waste streams.

The Waste Crisis: Roadmap for Sustainable Waste Management in Developing Countries is the first book of the series and focuses mainly on technical aspects of sustainable waste management.

Any opinions expressed in this publication are solely those of the authors. They do not necessarily reflect the opinions or standpoints of ISWA, or its members, on any specific issue unless explicitly stated.

The world is rapidly moving toward urbanization, and the amount of municipal solid waste (MSW), one of the most important byproducts of an urban lifestyle, is growing even faster. Urbanization or urban transition is a process of shift in population densities from a rural/agriculturebased economy to a denser population with an industrial and servicebased economy. Urbanization has generally been a positive force for economic growth, poverty reduction, and human development. With higher percentages of young urban dwellers, economic activity increases significantly in urban areas, which contributes to GDP growth of urban population in a country. Increase in population in urban areas and GDP growth results in increase in consumption ultimately leading to an increase in waste generation. Therefore, based on the latest data available, global waste generation in 2016 was estimated to have reached 2.01 billion tons (4.4 trillion lb) (World Bank Report 2018a). By 2030, the world is expected to generate 2.59 billion tons (5.71 trillion lb) of waste annually, and by 2050, waste generation across the world is expected to reach 3.40 billion tons (7.5 trillion lb).