Juliann Moen - Basic Health Care Series

Basic Health Care Series

Obesity

Basic Health Care Series

Obesity

Juliann Moen

Alpha Editions

Copyright 2017

ISBN : 9789386367563

Design and Setting By

Alpha Editions

email - alphaedis@gmail.com

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

The views and characters expressed in the book are of the author and his/her imagination and do not represent the views of the Publisher.

Contents

1. Obesity: An Introduction

2. Diet and Obesity

3. Social Determinants of Obesity

4. Management of Obesity

5. Fat Acceptance Movement

6. Social Stigma of Obesity

7. Causes of Obesity

8. Obesity Treatment

9. Obesity Care and Fitness

Preface

This book on obesity has been written in a very different way not those typical book type which preaches high and mighty things.

Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have a negative effect on health. People are generally considered obese when their body mass index (BMI), a measurement obtained by dividing a persons weight by the square of the persons height, is over 30 kg/m , with the range 2530 kg/m defined as overweight.Some East Asian countries use lower values. Obesity increases the likelihood of various diseases, particularly heart disease, type 2 diabetes, obstructive sleep apnea, certain types of cancer, and osteoarthritis.

Obesity increases the risk of many physical and mental conditions. These comorbidities are most commonly shown in metabolic syndrome, a combination of medical disorders which includes: diabetes mellitus type 2, high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, and high triglyceride levels.

Complications are either directly caused by obesity or indirectly related through mechanisms sharing a common cause such as a poor diet or a sedentary lifestyle. The strength of the link between obesity and specific conditions varies. One of the strongest is the link with type 2 diabetes. Excess body fat underlies 64% of cases of diabetes in men and 77% of cases in women.

This book has been written not in the usual format of cause-effect-treatment. When we are in the house we get to eat only what is in the kitchen but when we go to a cafeteria, we can get whatever we want, and of there is also the advantage of self-service.

Obesity: An Introduction

Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have a negative effect on health.

People are generally considered obese when their body mass index (BMI), a measurement obtained by dividing a persons weight by the square of the persons height, is over 30 kg/m , with the range 2530 kg/m defined as overweight.Some East Asian countries use lower values.

Obesity increases the likelihood of various diseases, particularly heart disease, type 2 diabetes, obstructive sleep apnea, certain types of cancer, and osteoarthritis.

Obesity is most commonly caused by a combination of excessive food intake, lack of physical activity, and genetic susceptibility. A few cases are caused primarily by genes, endocrine disorders, medications, or mental illness.

Evidence to support the view that obese people eat little yet gain weight due to a slow metabolism is not generally supported. On average, obese people have a greater energy expenditure than their thin counterparts due to the energy required to maintain an increased body mass.

Obesity is mostly preventable through a combination of social changes and personal choices. Changes to diet and exercising are the main treatments.

Diet quality can be improved by reducing the consumption of energy-dense foods, such as those high in fat and sugars, and by increasing the intake of dietary fiber. Medications may be taken, along with a suitable diet, to reduce appetite or decrease fat absorption.

If diet, exercise, and medication are not effective, a gastric balloon or surgery may be performed to reduce stomach volume or bowel length, leading to feeling full earlier or a reduced ability to absorb nutrients from food.

Obesity is a leading preventable cause of death worldwide, with increasing rates in adults and children.

In 2014, 600 million adults (13%) and 42 million children under the age of five were obese.

Obesity is more common in women than men. Authorities view it as one of the most serious public health problems of the 21st century.

Obesity is stigmatized in much of the modern world (particularly in the Western world), though it was seen as a symbol of wealth and fertility at other times in history and still is in some parts of the world.

In 2013, the American Medical Association classified obesity as a disease.

Classification

18.5 underweight

18.5 25.0 normal weight

25.0 30.0 overweight

30.0 35.0 class I obesity

35.0 40.0 class II obesity

40.0 class III obesity

Obesity and BMI

A super obese male with a BMI of 53 kg/m : weight 182 kg (400 lb), height 185 cm (6 ft 1 in)

Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health. It is defined by body mass index (BMI) and further evaluated in terms of fat distribution via the waisthip ratio and total cardiovascular risk factors.

BMI is closely related to both percentage body fat and total body fat. In children, a healthy weight varies with age and sex. Obesity in children and adolescents is defined not as an absolute number but in relation to a historical normal group, such that obesity is a BMI greater than the 95th percentile.

BMI is usually expressed in kilograms per square metre, resulting when weight is measured in kilograms and height in metres. To convert from pounds per square inch multiply by 703 (kg/m )/(lb/sq in).

The most commonly used definitions, established by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1997 and published in 2000, provide the values listed in the table.

Some modifications to the WHO definitions have been made by particular organizations. The surgical literature breaks down class II and III obesity into further categories whose exact values are still disputed.

Any BMI 35 or 40 kg/m is severe obesity .

A BMI of 35 kg/m and experiencing obesity-related health conditions or 4044.9 kg/m is morbid obesity .

A BMI of 45 or 50 kg/m is super obesity .

As Asian populations develop negative health consequences at a lower BMI than Caucasians, some nations have redefined obesity; Japan have defined obesity as any BMI greater than 25 kg/m while China uses a BMI of greater than 28 kg/m .

Effects on health

Excessive body weight is associated with various diseases, particularly cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus type 2, obstructive sleep apnea, certain types of cancer, osteoarthritis and asthma. As a result, obesity has been found to reduce life expectancy.

Mortality

Obesity is one of the leading preventable causes of death worldwide. A number of reviews have found that mortality risk is lowest at a BMI of 2025 kg/m in non-smokers and at 2427 kg/m in current smokers, with risk increasing along with changes in either direction. This appears to apply in at least four continents. In contrast, a 2013 review found that grade 1 obesity (BMI 30-35) was not associated with higher mortality than normal weight, and that overweight (BMI 25-30) was associated with lower mortality than was normal weight (BMI 18.5-25). Other evidence suggests that the association of BMI and waist circumference with mortality is U- or J-shaped, while the association between waist-to-hip ratio and waist-to-height ratio with mortality is more positive. In Asians the risk of negative health effects begins to increase between 2225 kg/m . A BMI above 32 kg/m has been associated with a doubled mortality rate among women over a 16-year period. In the United States obesity is estimated to cause 111,909 to 365,000 deaths per year, while 1 million (7.7%) of deaths in Europe are attributed to excess weight. On average, obesity reduces life expectancy by six to seven years, a BMI of 3035 kg/m reduces life expectancy by two to four years, while severe obesity (BMI > 40 kg/m ) reduces life expectancy by ten years.