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Omar Ashour - The De-Radicalization of Jihadists: Transforming Armed Islamist Movements

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This book is the first detailed study of the causes of de-radicalization in armed Islamist movements. It is based on frontline research that includes interviews with Jihadist leaders, mid-ranking commanders, and young sympathizers, as well as former security and intelligence officers and state officials.

Additionally, it is also the first book to analyze the particular conditions under which successful de-radicalization can take place. The current literature on Islamist movements attempts to explain two principal issues: their support of violence (radicalization) and their changing attitudes towards democracy and democratization (moderation). However, the reasons behind renouncing (behavioural de-radicalization) and de-legitimizing (ideological de-radicalization) violence have not been evaluated to date. The author provides an in-depth analysis of the de-radicalization processes of the Egyptian Muslim Brothers (1951-73), former allies of al-Qaida, such as al-Gamaa al-Islammiyya (Islamic Group of Egypt, 1997-2002) and al-Jihad Organization (2007- present), as well as of Algerian Islamist groups (1997-2000). The book also analyzes cases of de-radicalization failure.

The two questions that the book highlights and attempts to answer are Why? and How? For example, why do radical Islamist militants revise their ideologies, strategies and objectives and initiate a de-radicalization process; and what are the necessary conditions behind successful de-radicalization? De-radicalization of Jihadists shows how a combination of charismatic leadership, state repression, social interactions and selective inducements can ultimately lead jihadists to abandon jihad and de-legitimize violence.

This book will be of great interest to students of radical Islamist movements and Islamic Studies, terrorism and political violence, security studies, and Middle Eastern politics.

Omar Ashour is a Lecturer in Politics in the Institute of Arab and Islamic Studies, University of Exeter. He has a PhD in International Relations from McGill University in Canada.

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Omar Ashour
The De-Radicalization of Jihadists: Transforming Armed Islamist Movements

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The De-Radicalization of Jihadists This book is the first detailed study of - photo 1
The De-Radicalization of Jihadists
This book is the first detailed study of the causes of de-radicalization in armed Islamist movements. It is based on frontline research that includes interviews with Jihadist leaders, mid-ranking commanders and young sympathizers, as well as former security and intelligence officers and state officials.
Additionally, it is also the first book to analyze the particular conditions under which successful de-radicalization can take place. The current literature on Islamist movements attempts to explain two principal issues: their support of violence (radicalization) and their changing attitudes towards democracy and democratization (moderation). However, the reasons behind renouncing (behavioral de-radicalization) and de-legitimizing (ideological de-radicalization) violence have not been evaluated to date. The author provides an in-depth analysis of the de-radicalization processes of the Egyptian Muslim Brothers (19511973), former allies of al-Qaida, such as al-Gamaa al-Islammiyya (Islamic Group of Egypt, 19972002) and al-Jihad Organization (2007present), as well as of Algerian Islamist groups (19972000). The book also analyzes cases of deradicalization failure.
The two questions that the book highlights and attempts to answer are Why? and How? For example, why do radical Islamist militants revise their ideologies, strategies and objectives and initiate a de-radicalization process; and what are the necessary conditions behind successful de-radicalization? De-radicalization of Jihadists shows how a combination of charismatic leadership, state repression, social interactions and selective inducements can ultimately lead Jihadists to abandon Jihad and de-legitimize violence.
This book will be of great interest to students of radical Islamist movements and Islamic Studies, terrorism and political violence, security studies, and Middle Eastern politics.
Omar Ashour is a Lecturer in Politics in the Institute of Arab and Islamic Studies, University of Exeter. He has a PhD in International Relations from McGill University in Canada.
Series: Contemporary terrorism studies
Understanding Terrorist Innovation
Technology, tactics and global trends
Adam Dolnik
The Strategy of Terrorism
How it works, why it fails
Peter Neumann and M.L.R.Smith
Female Terrorism and Militancy
Agency, utility and organization
Edited by Cindy D.Ness
Women and Terrorism
Female activity in domestic and international terror groups
Margaret Gonzalez-Perez
The Psychology of Strategic Terrorism
Public and government responses to attack
Ben Sheppard
The De-Radicalization of Jihadists
Transforming armed Islamist movements
Omar Ashour
The De-Radicalization of Jihadists
Transforming armed Islamist movements
Omar Ashour
The De-Radicalization of Jihadists Transforming Armed Islamist Movements - image 2
LONDON AND NEW YORK
First published 2009
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 14 4RN
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2009.

To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledges collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.
2009 Omar Ashour
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
A catalog record for this book has been requested
ISBN13: 978-1-134-01228-2 ePub ISBN
ISBN10: 0415485452 (hbk)
ISBN10: 0203877098 (ebk)
ISBN13: 9780415485456 (hbk)
ISBN13: 9780203877098 (ebk)
Contents
Illustrations
Figures
1.1Islamist typology and patterns of change
1.2Structure, agency, process and feedback effects
Tables
1.1Major trends in Islamism
3.1Characteristics of armed Islamist movements
4.1Summary of the variables affecting de-radicalization
5.1The de-radicalization of the IG and al-Jihad
6.1GIA leaders
6.2De-radicalization in Algeria
7.1De-radicalization case studies
Foreword
Nothing is more gratifying for an old teacher than to see one of his former students upholding the scholarly torch and going beyond his own footsteps to new, untrodden research territory. This is the story of Omar Ashours book on the deradicalization of Islamist groups in the early twenty-first century.
When I researched Egypts Muslim militants in the late 1970s, hardly any scholars since Richard Mitchell, in his book on the Society of the Muslim Brotherhood, had visited the subject in two decades. I published my early work in IJMES in December 1980. The following two decades witnessed an avalanche of writings and publications on what were invariably labeled as Islamic awakening or Islamic Fundamentalism, resurgence, revival, and radicalization. This trend was understandably reinforced by major events on the ground: breaking out of the Iranian Islamic Revolution in 1979; and two years later by the assassination of Egypts President Anwar Sadat by Muslim Jihadists. Another upward turn came with the horrific events of the 9/11 bombing of New Yorks World Trade Center and the Pentagon Headquarter in Langley, Virginia, allegedly by another more lethal Jihadist organization: the Afghanistan-based alQaida. The latter has displayed not only an unprecedented organizational capacity, but also a worldwide striking capability and multinational attraction for recruits. Its lethal exploits occurred in such far apart locations as the Bali resort island of Indonesia, the main commercial city of Casablanca in Morocco, a Madrid railway station in Spain, and the London Underground.
The names of the al-Qaida leaders, the Saudi-born Osama bin Laden and his deputy, Egyptian-born Ayman Zawahiri, soon would become household names. Bloody events in Algeria, ascendance of Hezbollah in Lebanon and Hamas in Palestine in the last two decades, have compounded both interest and fears in many quarters.
Coinciding with the demise of the Soviet Bloc and the end of the Cold War (19451990), many pundits shifted their fame, research interest and media appeals to the emerging industry of the new enemy, Islamic Menace. Western media, academia, and policy Think Tanks have furiously raced to appropriate a share in this new industry. Hundreds of conferences, seminars, and workshops have been devoted to debating, understanding, containing, and combating Islamic terrorism, Clash of Civilization, and Muslim Exceptionalism. Modes of international and domestic travel would undergo stringent regulations to reduce risks and maximize passenger safety. Racial profiling and difficulties in obtaining entry visas for citizens from Muslim-majority countries became commonplace.
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