Orit Halpern - The Smartness Mandate

THE SMARTNESS MANDATE

ORIT HALPERN AND ROBERT MITCHELL

THE MIT PRESSCAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTSLONDON, ENGLAND

2022 Massachusetts Institute of Technology

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Halpern, Orit, 1972 author. | Mitchell, Robert, 1969 author.

Title: The smartness mandate / Orit Halpern and Robert Mitchell.

Description: Cambridge, Massachusetts : The MIT Press, [2022] | Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2022000690 (print) | LCCN 2022000691 (ebook) | ISBN 9780262544511 (paperback) | ISBN 9780262371957 (epub)

Subjects: LCSH: Artificial intelligenceIndustrial applications. | Artificial intelligencePhilosophy.

Classification: LCC TA347.A78 H34 2022 (print) | LCC TA347.A78 (ebook) | DDC 006.3dc23/eng/20220528

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022000690

LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022000691

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High-altitude submillimeter wave array, ALMA Observatory, Chajnantor Plateau, Atacama, Chile. Part of the EHT.Source: Photo by Orit Halpern, March 13, 2017.

ALMA towing vehicles, ALMA Observatory, Chajnantor Plateau, Atacama, Chile. Part of the EHT.Source: Photo by Orit Halpern, March 13, 2017.

Dr. Alejandro Jofr presenting on real-time analytics for decision-making in extraction. Center for Mathematical Modeling, University of Chile, Santiago.Source: Photos by Orit Halpern, March 21, 2017.

Salar de Atacama, Sociedad Qumica y Minera fields.Source: Photo by Orit Halpern, March 23, 2017.

Diagram speculating on various futures for population reproduction curves and deriving fecundity and morbidity (bottom row) from these curves.Source: C. S. Holling, Resilience and Stability of Ecological Systems,Annual Review of Ecological Systems4 (1973): 123, 21.

Ideal zonal imaginaries for cities.Left: Utopia by Sir Thomas More (1518).Upper middle: Sforzinda by Filarete (fifteenthsixteenth century).Lower middle: Coevorden (the Netherlands, early seventeenth century).Upper right: Jurong Island, Singapore.Lower right: Songdo smart city, Incheon, South Korea, master plan, 2012.Source: Orit Halpern, Jesse LeCavalier, and Nerea Calvillo, Test-Bed Urbanism,Public Culture25, no. 2 (March 2013): 272306, 275.

The Ackley function for two-dimensional space:. The absolute minimum of this function is zero. However, since it contains many closely clustered local minima, some evolutionary optimization algorithms find the absolute minimum difficult to locate. Different evolutionary optimization algorithms can thus be tested on this function to determine how close each can get to the absolute minimum.

An example of resilient design: experimental floating wetlands on the Charles River, Boston, designed to suppress algal blooms. Constructed by Northeastern University.Source: Photo by Orit Halpern, December 30, 2020.

Ernst Mayrs illustration of speciation by means of geographic isolation.Source: Ernst Mayr,Systematics and the Origin of Species from the Viewpoint of a Zoologist(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press), 153, fig. 15. Copyright 1942, 1970 by Ernst Mayr.

Wrights fitness landscape.Source: Sewall Wright, The Roles of Mutation, Inbreeding, Crossbreeding and Selection in Evolution, inProceedings of the Sixth International Congress of Genetics, ed. Donald F. Jones (Ithaca, NY: Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1932), 361.

Rosenblatts schematic drawing of a perceptron.Source: Frank Rosenblatt, The Perceptron: A Probabilistic Model for Information Storage and Organization in the Brain,Psychological Review65, no. 6 (1958): 389.

Forresters flowchart depiction of a production and distribution system.Source: Jay Forrester,Industrial Dynamics(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1961), 22.

The world model as visually depicted inThe Limits to GrowthSource: Donella H. Meadows, Dennis L. Meadows, Jrgen Randers, and William W. Behrens,The Limits to Growth: A Report for the Club of Romes Project on the Predicament of Mankind(New York: Universe Books, 1972), 102103.

An example of what is described as a standard world model run from 1900 to 2100.Source: Donella H. Meadows, Dennis L. Meadows, Jrgen Randers, and William W. Behrens,The Limits to Growth: A Report for the Club of Romes Project on the Predicament of Mankind(New York: Universe Books, 1972), 124.

The Vessel, Hudson Yards, New York City, 2021.Source: Photo by Orit Halpern.

Examples of the abstract concepts of force, Brasilia, and vernacular architecture from Italy and Spain.Source: Nicholas Negroponte,The Architecture Machine(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1970), 4.

Public housing tenants demo-ing the Architecture Machine Group interactive urban development questionnaire from Nicholas NegropontesThe Architecture Machine(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1970), 57.

Jay Forresters image of an urban system.Source: Jay W. Forrester,Urban Dynamics(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1969).

Ebenezer Howard,To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform(London: Swan Sonnenschein, 1898).Source: Wikimedia Commons.

Le Corbusier,The City of Tomorrow and Its Planning, 8th ed. (New York: Dover, 2000). First published in 1929.

Arata Isozaki,City in the Air, 1962.Source: Courtesy of Arata Isozaki & Associates, 2021.