Asit K. Biswas - Water Security Under Climate Change
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- Book:Water Security Under Climate Change
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- Year:2021
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Chapter 7 is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.Chapter 12 is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.
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Climate change affects the managed water cycle in terms of drought , water quality and the need to manage flood risk in the urban environment. In Scotland, we already experience environmental events consistent with climate projections. Seasonal temperature and rainfall anomalies have seen droughts and floods in parts of the country, and Scottish Water is focussed on delivering water and wastewater services resilient to more extreme and variable conditions. Working with others and managing our landscapes are vital to climate change adaptation in water catchments and to sustainably drain our cities. Carbon emissions from services are highwater collection, treatment and supply, and the collection, treatment and recycling of wastewater are asset and energy- intensive processes. Scottish Water has committed to deliver net zero emissions across operational and investment activities by 2040 through reducing power consumption, generating renewable electricity, reducing the emission intensity of investment and increasing the carbon stored in its landholdings.
Scottish Water is the national public water and wastewater service provider for Scotland, serving over five million people. Our services are delivered through an extensive asset base of over 230 water treatment works, 1800 wastewater works and 100,0000 kms of water and wastewater pipes. Owned by the Scottish Government and accountable to ministers, Scottish Water operates within a regulatory framework that requires close collaboration working with drinking water , environmental and economic regulators, as well as with customer interests and government.
Scotlands environment is critical to the delivery of resilient water and wastewater services. We depend on sufficient good quality water resources for treating and serving to customers and healthy water catchments for recycling treated wastewaters. In considering climate change , it is therefore vital that we understand and manage the implications for the natural environment on which we depend, as well as for the integrity and performance of our assets.
In this chapter we share some of our experience of adapting to the challenges of climate change and our role in mitigating the impact providing these services has on the environment.
2018 summer temperature and rainfall anomalies showing elevated temperatures across Scotland and regions of Scotland where there was a significant decrease in rainfall compared with the 19812010 average (Met Office )
The effects of climate change are seen most clearly in the water cycle and, therefore, the water environment on which we depend. In recent years, Scotland has experienced an increase in average annual rainfall, with the last decade (20092018) around 15% wetter than the 19611990 average and winters 25% wetter.
Winter 2019 and winter 2020 rainfall showing highly variable patterns between the years and for 2020 significant differences across small geographic ranges (Met Office )
Climate change projections suggest we will see an increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events in Scotland, from extended periods of dry weather presenting challenges to water resources , and significant increases in the intensity of rainfall events that would cause flood risk to assets and to our ability to drain urban areas, presenting flood risk to customers (Climate Change Committee ).
Current projections indicate we may experience an increase in the rainfall intensity of some events of approximately 45% over the next 30 years. This could see a 90135% increase in water volume in our sewers, and as our sewers were built in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, they will not always be able to cope (Scottish Water ).
The variability of the weather will also increase, with our assets having to manage across a wider range of extremes. This variability in conditions has a further impact on the environment, with periods of wetting and drying increasing the risk of soil erosion which can impact on the quality of surface waters we abstract from. This in turn can present challenges to the treatment of water to a suitable standard.
Over recent years, Scottish Water has taken a number of steps to ensure that our assets and services are able to serve customers in a changing climate.
Climate change presents risks to service including water quality, quantity (supply), flooding of assets and customers, and low flows/high temperatures leading to treatment and odour risk.
Impacts may be greater than previously understood, particularly for drainage and flooding.
Scenarios do not differ markedly over the next 20 years irrespective of carbon emission trajectory.
There will be increased incidence of extreme events, and the range of conditions will broaden.
There are climate change interdependencies with, e.g., population growth, land use changes (water demand , etc.) and urban creep (run-off of surface water), and these will need to be considered in adaptation planning.
Service resilience is a key focus for our water and wastewater teams to put in place appropriate measures that will address service challenges from a number of change factors. These include growth, urbanisation , land use changes, asset deterioration and new technologies/demands. Climate change is a further element that will exacerbate some of these effects.
Our strategy for climate change adaptation is to secure a service resilient to climate change by using the latest scenarios, projections, tools and data and applying them to asset and service risk and resilience planning.
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