Political Dissent and Democratic Remittances
With a focus on the most recent wave of political emigration from Russia unleashed during President Vladimir Putins third term, this book explores the activities of those who voice political dissent after leaving their country. Based on rich ethnographic data and interviews gathered among Russian emigrants to the EU member states, who are engaged in civic and political participation targeted at their home country, it demonstrates that emigration, particularly forced emigration in which political dissidents are squeezed out of their country, no longer functions efficiently as a means of calming political unrest. Drawing on the concept of social remittances, the author analyses the content, structure and the channels of political democratic remittances sent by political dissidents overseas, the factors that shape them and the perceived effects of these endeavours. A study of the latest wave of politically charged emigration from Russia and emigrants engagement in homeland politics, this volume will appeal to scholars across a range of social sciences working on migration, diaspora and democratization processes, citizenship, EU studies and Russian studies.
Joanna Fomina is Assistant Professor at the Institute of Philosophy and Sociology at the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw. Her research focuses on EU integration, migration and migrant integration policies, Euroscepticism and populism and democratization in Central and Eastern Europe. She is the co-author of Lived Diversities: Space, Place and Identities in the Multi-Ethnic City and the author of Migration and Diversity in Europe: Lessons from British Multiculturalism.
Political Dissent and Democratic Remittances
The Activities of Russian Migrants in Europe
Joanna Fomina
First published 2021
by Routledge
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2021 Joanna Fomina
The right of Joanna Fomina to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by her in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
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British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Fomina, Joanna, author.
Title: Political dissent and democratic remittances : the activities of Russian migrants in Europe / Joanna Fomina.
Description: Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2021. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2021020658 (print) | LCCN 2021020659 (ebook) | ISBN 9780367551834 (hardback) | ISBN 9780367551841 (paperback) | ISBN 9781003092308 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Russians--European Union countries--Politics and government--21st century. | Dissenters--Russia (Federation) | Democratization--Russia (Federation) | Russia (Federation)--Emigration and immigration--Political aspects. | European Union countries--Emigration and immigration--Political aspects. | European Union countries--Relations--Russia (Federation) | Russia (Federation)--Relations--European Union countries. | European Union countries--Politics and government. | Russia (Federation)--Politics and government--1991-
Classification: LCC D1056.2.R9 F66 2021 (print) | LCC D1056.2.R9 (ebook) | DDC 322.40947--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021020658
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021020659
ISBN: 978-0-367-55183-4 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-367-55184-1 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-09230-8 (ebk)
DOI: 10.4324/9781003092308
Typeset in Times New Roman
by MPS Limited, Dehradun
To all the brave Russians from all corners of the world who believe a democratic Russia is possible and make every effort to make it a reality
Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
Acknowledgements
Series Editors Preface
Introduction
Setting the context for the latest wave of emigration: The closing civic space and Russias projection of influence abroad
Migrants as agents of democratic change? Transnational civic and political participation and democratic remittances
Surfing the waves of Russian emigration: Between coercion and choice
Mapping the Russian migrant pro-democratic participation: Actors, participation trajectories, and forms of engagement
Transnational democratic remittances: Content and channels of diffusion
Emigration as an opportunity and barrier for democratic remitting: Motivation, enabling factors and their interplay
Russia, Europe and the relative space between them
The receiving end of democratic remittances
Conclusions
Endnote
Bibliography
2.1 Democratization and migration: levels, actors and channels of diffusion
3.1 Comparison of the statistics of emigration from Russia: OECD and Federal State Statistical Service data
4.1 Russian migrant civil society organizations and groups in the EU
4.2 Russia-oriented pro-democratic media projects and outlets founded by Russian migrants in Europe
4.3 Regularly held forums, conferences and festivals
7.1 Russian opinion regarding the democratic and autocratic models of development.
7.2 In an ideal world, what sort of Russia would you like to see?
7.3 In your opinion, what historical path should Russia follow?
7.4 Which political system is best for Russia?
7.5 All things considered, do you believe that Russia is a European country, or that Russia is not a European country?
7.6 Do you consider yourself/do you feel European?
4.1 Members of the Russian European Movement in Vilnius. Photo by arnas Maeika, 2017
4.2 We. Kulturus festival initiator Anton Litvin and his son Savva in front of the festival poster. Photo by Egor Litvin (2020)
5.1 For Human Rights in Russia! For Free Russia! For Free Russia Association at the 2017 Equality Parade in Warsaw. Photo by Valentina Chubarova, 2017
5.2 Igor Eidman, initiator of the Forum of Russian-speaking Europeans at the Stop Putin's Terror protest camp. Photo by Igor Magrilov, 2020
5.3 Participants of the International Volunteer Exchange Programme organized by Dekabristen e.V. Lake Baikal. Photo credit: Dekabristen e.V., 2018
8.1 Advocates of naming the square after Boris Nemtsov. From left to write: Konstantin Zhukov, Jakub Mka, Olya Storozheva, Egor Litvin. Photo by Egor Litvin, 2019
A research book such as this is impossible without the unique contributions of very many people. First and foremost, the Russian civil society activists, independent journalists and researchers based in Europe and Russia (and also in the USA and Ukraine) who agreed to share their life experiences and reflections with me are the living heart of this project. Your unwavering belief that another, truly democratic Russia is possible and your commitment to making this a reality will be an inspiration for me for years. Talking to these people was a very rewarding personal experience. I have become close with some of them and I am very thankful for their support and friendship. I am eternally grateful to Anastasia Sergeeva, who not only was one of the first interviewees and greatly influenced the shape of this book but also was my guide through the intricate networks of Russian civil society actors based in Europe and elsewhere and a wonderful friend. My sincere thanks also go to my European interviewees who agreed to share their perceptions and insights into the pro-democratic engagement of Russian migrants in the EU, in particular to Barbara von Ow-Freytag.