The Politics of Immigration
THE POLITICS OF
IMMIGRATION
Questions and Answers
JANE GUSKIN
AND DAVID L. WILSON
MONTHLY REVIEW PRESS
New York
Copyright 2017 by Jane Guskin and David L. Wilson
All Rights Reserved
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data available from the publisher.
ISBN (paper): 978-158367-636-3
ISBN (cloth): 978-158367-637-0
Typeset in Minion Pro
MONTHLY REVIEW PRESS, NEW YORK
monthlyreview.org
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Contents
This book is dedicated with respect and admiration to everyone who is resisting deportation, detention, discrimination, exploitation, and oppression.
Acknowledgments
WE THANK JOHN MAGE AND CAROL SKELSKEY SOTO at Monthly Review Press for suggesting the original idea for this book and trusting us to write it, and the whole team at Monthly Review for their support and patience.
Our sincere gratitude goes to all the people who took the time to review the manuscript and share their thoughts and suggestions. We are especially thankful to Sam and Phyllis Guskin, David B. Wilson, and Amy Gottlieb (of American Friends Service Committee), for helpful feedback on both editions. For the second edition we were fortunate to receive valuable input from Donald Anthonyson (Families for Freedom), Diana Eusebio (New York State Youth Leadership Council), Ishan Ashutosh, Oriana Sanchez, Ron Hayduk, Partha Banerjee, and Eleazar Castillo. For help with research questions we are grateful to Ronald Coleman at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Tory Johnson at the American Immigration Council, Katy Long, sociologists Annette Bernhardt, Douglas Massey, and Rubn Rumbaut, and historians Richard Breitman, Peter Staudenmaier, and John Womack. For advice on technical matters related to the second edition, we thank Anthony Arnove, Ramsey Kanaan of PM Press, and Greg Ruggiero at City Lights.
We remain indebted to those who contributed feedback on the first edition: Amy Sugimori (La Fuente, a Tri-State Worker & Community Fund), Carter Wilson, Aarti Shahani (Families for Freedom), Ken Estey, Arnoldo Garca (National Network for Immigrant and Refugee Rights), David Bacon, Mark Dow, and Will Coley.
Special thanks go to the people who organized and hosted dialogues and speaking events with us: Martin Alvarado, Judy Ancel, Dahoud Andr, Ernest Banatte, Scott Borchert, Marta Caminero-Santangelo, Dick Eiden, Bill and Connie Flores, Jon Flanders and Nancy Wallace, Leo J. Garofalo, Ursula Levelt, Star Murray, Emily Noelle Sanchez Ignacio, Eric Schuster, and Moiss Villavicencio Barras (with apologies to those not mentioned here by name). We also recognize the contributions of everyone who, through their participation in these events, gave us ideas and helped to shape our thinking on the issues.
Naturally, we take full responsibility for any errors or shortcomings that may be found in the book.
Introduction
THE FIRST EDITION OF THIS BOOK was written in the wake of the massive demonstrations, strikes, and walkouts that immigrants and their supporters carried out in the spring of 2006, and as churches across the United States were banding together to forge a new sanctuary movement in support of immigrants and their families resisting deportation.
That resistance has continued, taking new forms. Thousands of immigrant youth who grew up in the United Statessometimes referred to as dreamershave forced a major shift in public perception by outing themselves as undocumented, unafraid and unapologetic and adopting increasingly radical tactics of active nonviolence. When civil disobedience actions like blocking streets, occupying politicians offices, or camping out in front of government buildings didnt win their demands, these young activists upped the ante: some deliberately turned themselves in to immigration enforcement authorities in order to reject fear and organize resistance within the detention centers where they were locked up, and some left the country and returned en masse to nonviolently confront border authorities and demand reentry to the country where they came of age.
This kind of grassroots organizing and mobilizing is often effective, but it can also provoke backlash. A major goal of this book is to diminish that backlash by addressing peoples concerns about immigration.
Since the first edition of this book was published, we have facilitated numerous dialogues on immigration with students, activists, and others in communities throughout the United States. These dialogues have reinforced our impression that many people are open to a deeper understanding of immigration and the forces that drive it.
As we said in 2007: Every day, more people are realizing that immigrants are here to stay. They are our friends, our parents, our partners, our neighbors, ourselves. Either we condemn them to live as a permanent underclass, or we look for ways to integrate them into a more just and inclusive society.
This is not an easy task. The problems with our immigration system grow out of the history and legacy of slavery and colonialism, and are closely linked to the systems of labor exploitation and imprisonment that remain in effect today.
Following the gains of the civil rights movement in the 1960s, overtly racist rhetoric grew less acceptable within our legal framework, so policymakers claimed to be colorblind as they developed new systems to maintain the old racist structures. Politicians and the media shifted from openly slurring specific ethnicities and nationalities to branding groups of people as criminals, welfare queens, gangsters, illegals, invaders, and terrorists. These and many other labels are used to keep people in their places as racial others: behind walls, in cages, and stripped of power on the job in fields, forests, homes, and restaurants.
This book challenges such labels. We start with a demographic overview in , we return to enforcement, focusing on detention and deportation practices. We finish the book by considering the meanings of open borders and imagining what a more open immigration policy might look like in practice.
We hope this book contributes to deep, critical dialogues about the ways in which racism, exclusion, and exploitation are embedded within the politics of immigration in the United States. We believe such dialogue can help to strengthen movements that resist oppression, build solidarity, and develop strategies toward a more just political system.
Authors Notes
Whats new in the second edition?
THIS SECOND EDITION IS MORE than a simple update of the 2007 version. Many illuminating articles, books, reports, and academic papers on the topic of immigration have appeared over the past ten years, and these have enabled us to expand and improve the content. Weve also revised, edited, and reorganized the text in an effort to make it clearer; in doing this weve benefited greatly from our experience facilitating dialogues on immigration, and from suggestions, critiques, and other feedback from many people.
Several chapters, notably (about Deferred Action).
We have added brief introductions to the start of each chapter, summarizing the main points that follow. There is a greater emphasis on how the social construction of race has shaped immigration policy. The immigration law chronology that was left out of the first edition (but was posted on the website for the book) has been included here, and expanded.